Association between COVID-19 vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 variants, and post COVID-19 condition: A cross-sectional study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Individuals may experience persistent symptoms after recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a condition referred to as post COVID-19 condition (PCC). Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) evaluate a patient's health status and can be used to quantify symptom severity from the patient's perspective. The impact of COVID-19 vaccination and variant of infection on PCC is not well understood. We therefore sought to explore vaccination and variant trends among individuals with PCC and investigate their association with abnormal PROMs. METHODS: Patients seen at Post-COVID-19 Clinics across British Columbia, Canada between March 2020 - Oct 2022 were included in the study. Those who had persistent symptoms, at least one abnormal PROM, and completed a baseline questionnaire within 6 months of infection were included. The following PROMs were used: Fatigue Severity Score, University of California San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Score, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 and Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Vaccination status was categorized based on the number and timing of vaccinations relative to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between COVID-19 vaccination status or SARS-CoV-2 variant and the likelihood of reporting abnormal PROMs. RESULTS: The study included 1,587 participants (mean age 52 ± 15 years, 45% male, 58% vaccinated). In the adjusted models, full vaccination among non-hospitalized patients was associated with a reduced likelihood of reporting PTSD. Hospitalized patients infected with the alpha and delta variants were more likely to report dyspnea, while those infected with the gamma variant were less likely to report PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who were partially or fully vaccinated did not have increased risk of reporting common PCC symptoms. Infection with the alpha and delta variants was associated with increased likelihood of reporting dyspnea, which may be related to the severity of acute illness and associated impairments in lung function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".