Harmonic X-ray Incident Energy Calibration for X-ray Spectroscopy at the K-Edges of Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Chlorine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The tender X-ray regime in X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) uses incident X-ray energies between the so-called soft and hard X-ray regimes, approximately between 2 and 4 keV, which includes the K-edges of phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine. Applications of tender XAS are rapidly increasing, with recent studies including contributions from geochemistry, catalysis, chemistry, and environmental and life sciences. Despite this increased activity, there is no clear consensus about incident energy calibration at the phosphorus, sulfur, and chlorine K-edges, potentially causing confusion when the results of different research groups are compared. Here, we attempt to resolve the confusion by using the Si(333) harmonic of a Si(111) double crystal monochromator in combination with well-characterized first transition element foils to evaluate the corrected calibration energies for some relevant standard compounds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".