Lattice-hydrogen cycling mechanism enables pH-universal hydrogen evolution at ampere-level current densities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Controllable supply of hydrogen intermediate across a wide pH range is crucial for electroreduction reactions, but is hindered by pH-dependent hydrogen species formation on conventional catalysts. We report a lattice-hydrogen cycling mechanism that dissociates hydrogen intermediate availability from electrolyte pH. By integrating proton-blocking Ru with thermally-hydrogenated H x WO 3 , we create a dynamic hydrogen reservoir, enabling efficient hydrogen supply. In-situ Raman spectroscopy, isotopic labeling, and theoretical simulations reveal the lattice hydrogen in H x WO 3 migrates swiftly to Ru active sites via low-energy-barrier pathways, while consumed hydrogen is spontaneously replenished via proton adsorption (acidic) or water dissociation (alkaline/neutral). Consequently, this catalyst achieves a competitive pH-universal performance for hydrogen evolution reaction, with low overpotentials (125 mV acidic, 142 mV alkaline, 219 mV neutral @1 A cm -2 ) alongside 500-hour stability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".