Effect of voids on soil-nailed wall performance; a numerical study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studying the interaction between voids and retaining structures is vitally important, since the performance of such structures may negatively affected by nearby voids such as aqueducts, metro tunnels, and water collection tunnels in heavily urbanised areas. In this study, the impact of horizontal voids on a soil-nailed wall performance has been investigated. Horizontal deformations and ground surface settlements of a soil-nailed wall, which is close to a void, are analysed by simulation in ABAQUS. The results show that increasing the diameter of the voids leads to the exacerbation of horizontal deformation and vertical ground settlement. At a constant distance from the soil-nailed wall, the void closer to the surface of the ground had a greater destructive influence on wall performance. The worst state for the wall was occurred by a void, having 12 m diameter and situated at 16 m in depth from the surface. The acquired results were 34% and 350% increase for horizontal deformation and ground settlement, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".