Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Methaqualone, until its withdrawal from the U.S. market in the 1980s, was promoted as a sedative-hypnotic. It also possesses anticonvulsant, antispasmodic, local anesthetic, antitussive, and antihistamine actions. During the 1970s, it became a popular recreational drug among young people in the United States, West Germany, Japan, and Britain (6). (A British commercial preparation also contained antihistamine.) Users of methaqualone (“Canadian blues,” “quacks,” “sopars,” “qualudes,” “ludes”) often take the drug orally with wine or soft drinks in “juice bars” (“luding out”) (7,10). Some report that it causes a “high” resembling that of heroin and without barbiturate-like sedation; others use the drug as a “downer” following cocaine intoxication. In the 1980s, production and distribution of methaqualone became illegal in the United States; abuse declined, but il legally produced or imported methaqualone remains available (12). Abusers take daily oral doses of 75 mg to 2 g. “Counterfeit” methaqualone pills sold on the street contain unpredictable quantities of other drugs, including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and phencyclidine. Oral methaqualone is rapidly absorbed from the gastro intestinal tract (2). Nearly all is metabolized in the liver to 4’-hydroxymethaqualone and its N-oxide; the role of these metabolites in some of methaqualone’s toxic effects is un certain. The elimination half-life of methaqualone is 10-40 h. It induces hepatic P-450 and uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucuronyl-transferase activity. Methaqualone-induced sedation, which has an unclear mechanism but is comparable to that induced by short acting barbiturates, is preceded by dizziness and paresthe sias, and there may be anxiety, excessive dreaming, and somnambulism (8). “Hangover” is common. Taken with ethanol, methaqualone can cause marked synergistic CNS depression. Overdose, however, can cause excitement rather than sedation, progressing to delirium, hallucinations, py ramidal signs, myoclonus, seizures, coma, and death (14,15). Methaqualone is less likely than barbiturates to cause respiratory depression or shock. There may be ele vated prothrombin time and bleeding (9). A man with sei zures and coma after taking methaqualone with diphen hydramine had methaqualone blood levels much lower than expected, suggesting synergism with the antihistamine (3). In another report, methaqualone caused muscular hyper activity requiring treatment with curare (1).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.119 | 0.053 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".