Applicable Law in WTO Dispute Settlement: The Imbalance Between Strong International Adjudicative and Weak International Legislative Capacity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article discusses the historical context of trade and sustainability conflicts and argues that World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement is not equipped to manage these conflicts effectively. Instead, it calls for enhanced international legislative processes to address the complex interactions presented by globalization. It emphasizes the need for integrated and flexible international law-making capabilities to address urgent issues like climate change and biodiversity. It concludes that the WTO must expand its mandate to include sustainable development and cooperate with other international organizations to achieve coherent global welfare.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.106 | 0.104 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.018 | 0.058 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.025 | 0.017 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.024 | 0.025 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".