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Record W4416957059 · doi:10.1145/3774399.3774404

Adapting BERT for 'Apples to Apples' Gameplay

2025· article· en· W4416957059 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueAI Matters · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicArtificial Intelligence in Games
Canadian institutionsMacEwan University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsFocus (optics)Selection (genetic algorithm)Variety (cybernetics)Matching (statistics)Consistency (knowledge bases)Classifier (UML)Word (group theory)Noun

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

"Apples to Apples" is a word association game where players match red noun cards with a given green adjective card in the hopes of winning the round through the selection of their card by the round judge. There are many possible selection criteria for determining which red card to play in a round. Combinations may focus solely on the direct association between a red and green card, on the humour elicited by a card pair, or through a wide variety of other selection criteria. The game's difficulty comes from the anticipation and matching of the card played by a player to the criterion of the current round judge. Our aim was to create an agent capable of playing "Apples to Apples," able to discover the current judge criterion and play the card in hand that best matches that criterion. To this end, we decided to explore the use of BERT pretrained models and evaluate their viability in word game agents. In this study, we leveraged fine tuned BERT models and developed a Naive Bayes classifier to simulate and predict judge personalities in "Apples to Apples." Beyond these main contributions, this work also involved significant efforts in creating supporting tools for both training and testing processes. Specifically, we manually annotated nearly 1000 card pairs using a custom annotation program to reduce human error and fatigue and developed an environment testing tool to ensure platform consistency during training and testing. These contributions highlight our focus on both data quality and system robustness.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Methods · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.661
Threshold uncertainty score0.502

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.020
GPT teacher head0.314
Teacher spread0.294 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it