Towards Next-Generation Myoelectric Prostheses: 3D-Printed Electrode Arrays for Gesture Recognition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents the design, fabrication, and evaluation of a 12-channel 3D-printed electrode array for electromyography (EMG) applications. The array consists of conductive electrodes embedded within a flexible, non-conductive frame, designed to conform to the forearm and ensure uniform contact. Fabricated using dual-material 3D printing, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was used for its flexibility, while Protopasta®Composite PLA provided conductivity. The array was evaluated through controlled experiments with 10 participants performing six hand gestures. A simple linear discriminant analysis model using wavelet energy was employed to classify the recorded signals. Hand gesture classification average accuracy of (91.32 ± 7.23)% was obtained, demonstrating reliable motion recognition. These results highlight the array’s potential as a cost-effective, customizable, and high-performance solution for wearable myoelectric systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".