The impacts of the 2025 trade wars on global agricultural markets and US agricultural trade
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper assesses the economic consequences of the 2025 U.S. trade policy on global agricultural markets, with a focus on the “reciprocal tariffs” initiated by the United States. By using a multi-region, multi-sector computable general equilibrium model, we evaluate the macroeconomic and sectoral effects of alternative tariff scenarios, with a particular focus on the U.S. agricultural sector. Our results indicate that the imposition of uniform tariffs on U.S. imports from the rest of the world generates substantial welfare losses for the U.S. (0.63%) and China (1.28%), with corresponding GDP declines of 0.82 and 0.39%, respectively. Tariffs result in significant contractions in global agricultural trade and higher consumer prices for key agri-food products in the US, including vegetables (6.05%), crops (7.48%), and cattle (4.13%). China’s oilseed imports from the U.S. decrease by 38.32%, while imports from Canada and Brazil increase by 17.48 and 3.92%, respectively, if U.S.–China tariffs are enacted. U.S. imports of high-value vegetables and fruits from Canada and Mexico decline sharply, partially offset by increased imports from Australia and Argentina if new tariffs are enacted in North America. These findings show the complex sectoral adjustments and market realignments driven by escalating trade tensions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".