The effect of biogenic calcium phosphate nanoparticles on drought-stressed barley
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Drought stress is one of abiotic stresses that significantly reduces agricultural yield annually. In response to drought, plants undergo several physiological and morphological changes like reduced transpiration and photosynthetic rate, disturbed osmotic adjustments, repressed root as well as shoot growth and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In an experiment, a clay-sand mixture was placed in plastic pots containing barley seeds (Hordeum vulgare L., Giza 134), which were irrigated with 30% of the field capacity (FC). After one week, the pots were treated with different concentrations of biogenic calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaPNPs) (25, 50 and 100 mg/L). Fourteen days later, the morpho-bio-physiological features were measured and documented. Applying 50 as well as 100 mg/L of CaPNPs on the well-watered leaves of barley plants increased shoot and root lengths, biomass, carbohydrates, non-enzymatic as well as enzymatic antioxidants, in addition to gene expression of superoxide dismutase ( HvSOD ) and catalase ( HvCAT ); such dosages mainly have been the optimal doses under normal conditions. Since calcium is a second messenger molecule, it can activate a variety of physiological signaling pathways when applied topically, mitigating the negative effects of drought stress on the development and metabolism of barley. Therefore, the application of CaPNPs yielded significant improvements across various plant functions despite drought stress conditions. Notably, there was an enhancement in growth parameters, osmo-protectants, and both cellular enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. At the molecular level, genes associated with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase ( HvBADH1 ), mitogen-activated protein kinases ( HvMAPK3 ), showed provoked activity, particularly at a concentration of 25 mg/L. Furthermore, the treatment led to a decrease in ROS, as evidenced by reduced levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide. This reduction in ROS indicates an overall impediment of oxidative stress in the plants. Overall, the results of this study provide new insights into the molecular and physiological processes behind H. vulgare ’s response to the optimal dose of biogenic CaPNPs, which is 50 and 100 mg/L in majority of the parameters in normal conditions and 25 mg/L under drought ones.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".