Disease dynamics and antimicrobial use in pre-weaned Holstein calves paired at different ages
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Social housing of dairy calves has been proposed as an alternative to individual housing to improve calf welfare; but their effects on health remain inconsistent. This study evaluated the association among pairing age, occurrence of diarrhea and bovine respiratory disease (BRD), as well as antimicrobial use, during the preweaning period. The study was conducted on a commercial farm in Paraná, Brazil, using 140 Holstein calves assigned to pair housing at 7, 30, or 50 days of age. Calves were monitored daily until weaning using the Wisconsin Calf Health Scoring System, and treatments were recorded. Diarrhea was more frequent than BRD, with fever predominantly associated with BRD. Pairing age did not affect the odds, severity, or timing of diarrhea or BRD, nor the likelihood of both calves within a pair being affected, or the interval between cases. Overall antimicrobial use did not differ among pairing ages; however, calves paired later required less antimicrobial use for diarrhea than early or intermediate calves. Survival analysis confirmed no effect of pairing age on the probability of remaining disease-free. These findings indicate that pair housing at different ages does not compromise calf health, but may influence the diarrhea cases with fever and the antimicrobial use for diarrhea.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".