Quantifying the role of estuarine discharge in modulating landfast sea-ice regime in Hudson Bay and James Bay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Arctic and subarctic estuaries are unique environments where flowing river water influences the freezing and melting of ice in complex ways. This study examined the impact of river discharge on the formation and persistence of landfast ice in Hudson Bay and James Bay, utilizing ice charts and satellite imagery. The results showed that landfast ice around eight major river mouths in Hudson Bay and James Bay formed later and melted earlier than near adjacent non-estuarine coastlines with minimal river impact. The degree to which ice forms later and melts earlier in river mouths compared to non-estuarine coastlines varied proportionately with the intensity of river discharge volume, implying discharge volume is a crucial factor in determining ice persistence. Furthermore, it was seen that from the start of the seasonal temperature transition, the break-up event at river mouths happened after 21 days on average, compared to 32 days in the case of ice at the adjacent coastlines. Ice at rivers with higher discharge volumes experienced earlier break-up and delayed freeze-up compared to other rivers. A crucial contribution of this study is highlighting that landfast ice break-up is either predominantly thermodynamic, with ice loss due to melting, or predominantly dynamic, with ice loss due to disintegration and flushing out of the ice due to dynamic forcings like river flow and wind.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".