Investigation of oil/water two-phase flow in carbonate rocks using a multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann phase-field method
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Carbonate reservoirs exhibit complex oil-water two-phase flow behavior owing to their multimodal pore-throat structures, strong heterogeneity, and variable wettability. Traditional Darcy-based models struggle to capture key pore-scale phenomena such as interfacial dynamics and topological evolution, hindering the accurate prediction of displacement processes. In this study, Well A of the Fuman Oilfield in the Tarim Basin was selected as the research target. A high-resolution pore-scale simulation framework was developed by coupling the multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) with a phase-field model and digital core reconstruction. The effects of interfacial tension, wettability, oil-water viscosity ratio, and capillary number on the displacement efficiency and oil-phase topology evolution were systematically investigated. The results show that interfacial tension strongly regulates droplet breakup and migration. At σ = 0.005 N m −1 , the connected oil volume decreases by 55.4% and isolated droplets increase by 220%, accompanied by a marked increase in the Euler characteristic number, indicating rapid connectivity loss. At σ = 0.01 N m −1 , the breakup and mobility are balanced (72%), with the largest decrease in the isolated-droplet Euler characteristic number, reflecting the highest mobilization capacity. At σ = 0.02 N m −1 , capillary trapping dominates (68%). Wettability governs droplet adhesion and detachment: hydrophilic ( θ = 60°) rapidly forms a water film that cuts the oil phase, increasing the Euler characteristic number significantly (75% recovery), whereas neutral and oil-wet conditions preserve connectivity but retain more residual oil (65% and 55%, respectively). A low viscosity ratio (M = 2) stabilizes the front and enhances the breakup, yielding a large Euler characteristic number growth (72%), whereas a high ratio (M = 10) shows minimal topological change and only 64% recovery. Increasing the capillary number promotes droplet detachment and migration, with high Capillary number (Ca) producing the lowest isolated oil volume peak and largest Euler characteristic number drop, achieving 72% recovery.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it