Investigation of oil/water two-phase flow in carbonate rocks using a multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann phase-field method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Carbonate reservoirs exhibit complex oil-water two-phase flow behavior owing to their multimodal pore-throat structures, strong heterogeneity, and variable wettability. Traditional Darcy-based models struggle to capture key pore-scale phenomena such as interfacial dynamics and topological evolution, hindering the accurate prediction of displacement processes. In this study, Well A of the Fuman Oilfield in the Tarim Basin was selected as the research target. A high-resolution pore-scale simulation framework was developed by coupling the multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method (MRT-LBM) with a phase-field model and digital core reconstruction. The effects of interfacial tension, wettability, oil-water viscosity ratio, and capillary number on the displacement efficiency and oil-phase topology evolution were systematically investigated. The results show that interfacial tension strongly regulates droplet breakup and migration. At σ = 0.005 N m −1 , the connected oil volume decreases by 55.4% and isolated droplets increase by 220%, accompanied by a marked increase in the Euler characteristic number, indicating rapid connectivity loss. At σ = 0.01 N m −1 , the breakup and mobility are balanced (72%), with the largest decrease in the isolated-droplet Euler characteristic number, reflecting the highest mobilization capacity. At σ = 0.02 N m −1 , capillary trapping dominates (68%). Wettability governs droplet adhesion and detachment: hydrophilic ( θ = 60°) rapidly forms a water film that cuts the oil phase, increasing the Euler characteristic number significantly (75% recovery), whereas neutral and oil-wet conditions preserve connectivity but retain more residual oil (65% and 55%, respectively). A low viscosity ratio (M = 2) stabilizes the front and enhances the breakup, yielding a large Euler characteristic number growth (72%), whereas a high ratio (M = 10) shows minimal topological change and only 64% recovery. Increasing the capillary number promotes droplet detachment and migration, with high Capillary number (Ca) producing the lowest isolated oil volume peak and largest Euler characteristic number drop, achieving 72% recovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".