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Record W4417031309 · doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00841-2

Developing an artificial intelligence ethics governance checklist for the legal community

2025· article· en· W4417031309 on OpenAlex
Stephanie Kelley

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueAI and Ethics · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicEthics and Social Impacts of AI
Canadian institutionsSaint Mary's University
FundersSocial Sciences and Humanities Research Council
KeywordsCLARITYCorporate governanceChecklistTransparency (behavior)StakeholderInformation ethicsEthical codeFlexibility (engineering)

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This study develops a stakeholder-informed artificial intelligence (AI) ethics governance checklist tailored for Canadian law firms to help them harness the productivity and economic advantages of AI while minimizing the risks of unethical outcomes. Recognizing the limitations of existing AI principles (AIPs) in preventing unethical outcomes, this research uses semi-structured interviews, qualitative content analysis, and expert stakeholder engagement to design an eight-page AI ethics governance checklist. In addition to the output of a practical governance checklist, the study reports findings about the development of stakeholder-informed governance checklists. The findings reveal that Canadian lawyers share global concerns surrounding AI risks, including privacy, accountability, safety and security, transparency and explainability, human oversight, professional responsibility, and the promotion of human values. In addition, many law firms interact with AI primarily through third-party vendors, making a principle-based checklist the most practical approach. The research highlights the importance of question format, suggesting that balancing clarity (using Yes/No options) with flexibility (allowing for open-ended comments) is essential, given the complex ethical considerations. The study also finds there is a need to integrate the checklist with existing policies, such as privacy impact assessments and IT risk evaluations, alongside relevant regulatory frameworks. Additionally, tailoring language and definitions to reflect the specific needs of stakeholders (in this case, lawyers) enhances usability and effectiveness. The resulting eight-page, stakeholder-informed AI ethics governance checklist has been adopted by several Canadian law firms and Barristers’ Societies, offering a practical tool to guide the responsible adoption and use of AI in the legal sector.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.012
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.016
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMetaresearch, Science and technology studies, Research integrity
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.946
Threshold uncertainty score0.998

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0120.016
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0080.001
Scholarly communication0.0010.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0010.004
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.273
GPT teacher head0.498
Teacher spread0.225 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it