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Record W4417035451 · doi:10.4212/cjhp.3688

Impact of Provincial Pharmacare Coverage for Direct Oral Anticoagulants on Long-Term Anticoagulation for Unprovoked Venous Thromboembolism

2025· article· en· W4417035451 on OpenAlexaffvenueabout
A Robin, Daniel Liwski, Sudeep Shivakumar, Allen Tran

Bibliographic record

VenueThe Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicVenous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
Canadian institutionsDalhousie University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsVenous thromboembolismNova scotiaHealth insurancePrivate insuranceSignificant difference

Abstract

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Background: Unprovoked venous thromboembolism (VTE) has a high risk of recurrence, typically warranting indefinite anticoagulation. Direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have several advantages over warfarin and are thus recommended preferentially for long-term use. Until January 2024 in Nova Scotia, DOAC use beyond 6 months was often cost-prohibitive due to limited provincial funding. Objective: To evaluate the impact of drug coverage on duration of anticoagulation for unprovoked VTE in Nova Scotia. Methods: A retrospective chart review was completed for patients with unprovoked VTE seen in the Halifax Thrombosis Clinic between 2018 and 2020. Patients were grouped by anticoagulant class, type of insurance (private, provincial, or neither), and anticoagulationcontinuation or noncontinuation beyond 6 months. The primary outcome was the difference in anticoagulation use at 6 months according to type of insurance based on χ2 testing. Results: The chart review identified 1016 patients seen during the study period, of whom 222 were included in the analysis. No significant difference in treatment duration was found among patients with private insurance, those covered under provincial pharmacare, and those with no insurance (mean duration 14.47, 12.39, and 13.89 months, respectively; p = 0.25). Scores for the Charlson comorbidity index and patient age did not significantly affect treatment duration. Patients with private insurance were more likely to receive a prescription for DOACs (p = 0.015 relative to provincial pharmacare, p < 0.001 relative to no insurance). Conclusions: This study showed no statistically significant difference among types of insurance in terms of duration of anticoagulation after unprovoked VTE. However, patients with private insurance were more likely to use DOACs than warfarin. Since this study was completed, Nova Scotia Pharmacare now covers DOACs, but coverage remains limited in many other provinces. The results of this study may serve as evidence to lobby for extended DOAC funding in other provinces as a way to enhance care. Keywords: venous thromboembolism, pharmacare, anticoagulation, health promotion, accessibility RÉSUMÉ Contexte : Le risque de récidive de la thromboembolie veineuse (TEV) non provoquée est élevé, ce qui justifie généralement un traitement anticoagulant indéfini. Les anticoagulants oraux directs (AOD) ont plusieurs avantages par rapport à la warfarine et sont donc recommandés de préférence pour un usage à long terme. Jusqu’en janvier 2024, en Nouvelle-Écosse, le coût de l’utilisation des AOD au-delà de 6 mois était souvent prohibitif en raison du financement provincial limité. Objectif : Évaluer les conséquences de la couverture médicaments sur la durée du traitement anticoagulant pour la TEV non provoquée en Nouvelle-Écosse. Méthodologie : Une revue rétrospective des dossiers des patients atteints d’une TEV non provoquée dans l’unité de thrombose de Halifax a été réalisée entre 2018 et 2020. Les patients ont été regroupés par classe d’anticoagulant administré, type d’assurance (privée, provinciale ou aucune) et continuation ou non du traitement après 6 mois. Le résultat principal a été la différence en matière d’utilisation du traitement anticoagulant à 6 mois en fonction du type d’assurance, basée sur un test du χ2. Résultats : La revue des dossiers a permis d’identifier 1016 patients vus pendant la période de l’étude, dont 222 ont été inclus dans l’analyse. Aucune différence significative dans la durée du traitement n’a été observée parmi les patients ayant une assurance privée, ceux couverts par le programme d’assurance provincial et ceux sans assurance (moyenne de 14,47, 12,39 et 13,89 mois, respectivement; p = 0,25). Les scores de l’indice de comorbidité de Charlson et l’âge des patients n’ont pas démontré d’effet significatif sur la durée du traitement. Les patients ayant une assurance privée étaient plus susceptibles de recevoir une ordonnance pour des AOD (p = 0,015 par rapport à ceux couverts par l’assurance provinciale; p < 0,001 par rapport aux patients sans assurance). Conclusions : Cette étude n’a montré aucune différence statistiquement significative entre les types d’assurance en ce qui concerne la durée du traitement anticoagulant pour une TEV non provoquée. Cependant, les patients ayant une assurance privée étaient plus susceptibles d’utiliser des AOD plutôt que de la warfarine. Depuis la réalisation de cette étude, le programme d’assurance de Nouvelle-Écosse couvre désormais les AOD, mais leur couverture reste limitée dans de nombreuses provinces. Les résultats de cette étude pourraient servir de preuve afin de faire pression pour élargir le financement des AOD dans d’autres provinces et améliorer les soins. Mots-clés : thromboembolie veineuse, assurance médicaments, anticoagulation, promotion de la santé, accessibilité

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.008
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.994
Threshold uncertainty score0.987

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.008
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.000
Open science0.0000.001
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0020.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.030
GPT teacher head0.362
Teacher spread0.333 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes3
Has abstractyes

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