Tracing the origin and P-T metamorphic history of the VMS Besshi-type Tisová deposit, Czech Republic: Evidence for Co, As and Sb mobility
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Metamorphosed VMS deposit – lower blueschist-facies. • Bohemian Massif, Erzgebirge area, Variscan orogeny. • Sulfides, sulfoarsenides and sulfoantimonides. • Arsenopyrite thermometry and sphalerite-pyrrhotite thermobarometry. • Mobility of cobalt and antimony under metamorphic overprint. The Tisová deposit, a Besshi-type Cu-(Co) VMS deposit, is situated in the Bohemian Massif near the Czech-German border. It experienced blueschist facies metamorphism (∼13 kbar, ∼530 °C) during Variscan subduction (∼360–335 Ma). Hosted by Cambrian volcanic-sedimentary rocks, the deposit includes three stratiform ore horizons: pyrite-rich (upper), pyrrhotite-rich (middle and lower), with chalcopyrite distributed throughout. In addition to the major sulfides, the following minor phases (arsenopyrite, galena, sphalerite ≫ cobaltite > ullmanite > costibite ≫ gersdorffite) and trace phases (native bismuth, bismuthinite, Pb-Sb sulfosalts, cassiterite) occur. Very rare phases are Au-Ag-Hg alloy, electrum, canfieldite, and Ag-rich tetrahedrite. Metamorphic overprinting produced intense foliation, the formation of siderite impregnations and veinlets, and the recrystallization of the ore. Mining (1970–1989) yielded 561 kt of ore (0.6 % Cu). Supplementary data indicate 0.12–4.32 g/t Au, 4–20 g/t Ag, with Co as a potential by-product. Detailed mineralogical studies reveal seven arsenopyrite generations, indicating complex metamorphic recrystallization (from ∼13 kbar, ∼500 °C down to 2–3 kbar, 300–400 °C), wide variations in arsenic content (∼27.3 to ∼37.3 at% As) and admixture (up to 6.9 wt% Co, 3.7 wt% Ni, 9.3 wt% Sb). Four pyrite generations were identified, showing evidence of Co mobilization and late-stage crystallization of Bi- and Sb-bearing phases during retrograde metamorphism. Sphalerite-pyrrhotite-pyrite thermobarometry indicates ∼5 kbar, 530 °C, differing from barren-rock estimates of (∼13 kbar, potentially due to fluid-mediated resetting. These findings enhance understanding of the deposit’s tectonothermal evolution and its implications for Co mobility under metamorphic processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".