Motor-cognitive analysis of dual task walking in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: An observational study using functional near infrared spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), characterized by airflow limitation, commonly manifests cognitive and physical impairments that are often managed separately. The aim of this paper was to describe a dual task protocol of walking with a cognitive task to assess related decrements and associated ΔO2Hb in patients with COPD and older adults. Sample data illustrates responses from two individuals. Two single tasks and a dual task were applied in random order: (1) single task walking evaluated by the Zeno Electronic Walkway to measure gait speed; (2) a cognitive task of determining the number of 5-letter words accurately spelled backwards; (3) dual task walking combined with spelling words backwards. The decrements of performance were evaluated by examining the differences from single to dual task performance for two participants, to illustrate the methodology, as well as normalizing the decrement to the single task performance by the following equation:.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".