On the role of positive ion neutralization in defect generation in monolayer graphene exposed to sub-threshold energy ions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Point defect generation in monolayer graphene is known to require a minimum energy of 18–22 eV transferred to the lattice. Nevertheless, many studies have demonstrated that sub-threshold energy ions in ion beams or low-pressure plasmas can also produce vacancies in graphene. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations are employed to examine the possible role of positive ion neutralization in supplying additional energy to the graphene lattice within a timescale similar to that of ion impact. Here, we assume that the neutralization effect can be mimicked by adding thermal energy to suspended graphene material models either prior to irradiation or locally just before impact to better account for local energy transfer. Simulations indicate that defects, mainly Frenkel pairs and Stone-Wales defects, can effectively be created by sub-threshold energy ion irradiation, albeit at much lower probability compared to higher energy ions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".