Low-Cost Circularly Polarized Electrically Small PCB Antenna for IoT Wireless Terminals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A low-cost Electrically Small Antenna (ESA) with a Circularly Polarized (CP) omnidirectional pattern is proposed. The antenna is designed by combining a printed loop, loaded by lumped capacitors, and a printed dipole, top-loaded by capacitive plates. The loop generates the horizontally polarized field whereas the dipole generates the vertically polarized one. The dimensions of both antennas are properly controlled so that they radiate fields of equal strengths. This results in CP radiation since the radiated fields are naturally in phase quadrature. Simulations of the prototype antenna show excellent impedance matching at 2.48GHz, where the (ka) value is 0.58 rad, a total radiation efficiency of 54% and an omnidirectional pattern in the azimuth plane where the peak Axial Ratio (AR) is$\sim 2 \text{dB}$. The antenna is suitable for compact IoT terminals where a 360-degree coverage pattern as well as immunity to multipath fading and polarization mismatch are required.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".