Compact Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons Antenna Array with Rotated Elements for 5G/6G Networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper introduces a compact antenna array leveraging spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) with rotated elements on a single-layer conducting structure. The use of highly localized electromagnetic surface waves in the proposed design enables the placement of antenna elements much closer together compared to conventional antennas. This unique feature not only addresses spatial constraints but also enhances the array's compactness and efficiency, making it highly suitable for next-generation communication systems. The design achieves a maximum realized gain of 6.3 dB for a single element and 10.88 dB for a four-element array at 28 GHz. The 3 dB half-power beamwidth is reduced from 60° to 32°, demonstrating the array precise beam-steering capability. This design overcomes spatial constraints, simplifies feeding networks, enables closer antenna placement, and ensures compactness and precise beam-steering for 5G/6G and SatCom systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".