Polarization Insensitive X-Band Frequency Selective Surface Sensor for Wireless Thin-Ice Monitoring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Winter ice conditions present major challenges, particularly for cable-supported bridges where ice accumulates on cables, followed by sudden shedding, creating serious hazards for vehicles and pedestrians. This paper presents a passive and flexible frequency selective surface (FSS) ice sensor designed for wireless detection of thin ice layers over large areas. The proposed FSS fabricated on a 0.1 mm thick substrate, comprises an array of$6 \times 10$square-shaped unit cells. A horn antenna was used to interrogate the sensor and measure its$S_{11}$response, with the design resonant frequency set at 9.38 GHz. Measurement results demonstrated that the microwave FSS sensor achieved a sensitivity of approximately 260 MHz for a 5 mL ice layer covering its surface, highlighting its potential for effective ice monitoring to enhance the safety of cable-supported bridges. Additionally, the$S_{11}$results showed distinct responses for ice thicknesses up to 3 mm, confirming the sensor's capability to differentiate ice thicknesses within this range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".