Social Economy Embedding Circular Economy – the Role of Policy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cooperatives, and the social and solidarity economy (SSE) at large, are important vehicles for transitioning to more sustainable economies, with symbolic visibility created by the declaration of 2025 as the United Nations Year of Cooperatives. Such recognition raises the question of how policies can support such organizations in sustainability transitions. We explore this question with a focus on circular economy and social economy policy convergence in 12 countries of Europe and the Americas. The recent adoption of circular economy action plans in these countries indicates the emergence of conditions favorable to a change toward circular economies. However, there is limited evidence for recognition of social and solidarity economy actors in these frameworks. Therefore, we propose four sets of considerations at the intersection of science and policy: (1) deepening research on democratic organizations for sustainability transitions; (2) increasing social economy recognition in circular economy policy; (3) encouraging integrated recognition in the revision and update of circular economy action plans; and (4) recognize cooperatives and SSE at municipal, provincial and national levels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.025 | 0.028 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.056 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.018 | 0.017 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".