Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although the Japan Sports Agency has actively promoted sport tourism, few studies have directly compared the impacts of sport tourism on life satisfaction across non-sport tourists, participation-based sport tourists, and spectator-based sport tourists.Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of sport tourism on life satisfaction and compare its impact among non-sport tourists, participation-based sport tourists, and spectator-based sport tourists.Utilizing a two-wave prospective longitudinal design, usable data were collected from 419 tourists through online surveys administered before and after travel, categorizing participants based on their engagement in sport activities at destinations.Our sample consisted of 331 non-sport tourists, 67 participation-based sport tourists, and 21 spectator-based sport tourists.Our analysis revealed significant increases in life satisfaction across all groups.The impact was comparable across the groups, indicating the importance of overall, rather than specific, tourism experiences on life satisfaction.However, the different effect sizes suggests that the casual nature of spectator-based sport tourism might provide greater benefits to life satisfaction than the more demanding participation-based sport tourism.This study confirmed the positive impact of sport tourism on life satisfaction among Japanese adults, in line with the Japan Sports Agency's initiatives aimed at enhancing well-being through sports, highlighting the need for further research to support the ongoing development of sport tourism in Japan.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".