Geographical protections and trade: Product‐level evidence from EU agreements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Geographical protections (GPs) are enhanced trademarks based on the regional origins of products. Avid proponents such as the EU argue that foreign producers should not infringe on GPs, but current WTO rules are insufficiently clear to enforce national GPs across borders. While a contested issue in international policy circles, the trade impact of GPs is not fully understood. In this paper, I compile a unique product‐level data set from EU agreements with 31 countries that enforce EU GPs abroad and explore their effects on trade over the period 2005 to 2020. The analysis shows that the EU enjoys a significant boost in exports to its partner countries due to these arrangements, especially in products with higher numbers of negotiated cross‐border GPs and low initial EU market shares. Whereas EU GPs do not lower exports of competing third countries, they lead to significant price increases, both for EU and third‐country products.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".