Lattice Boltzmann modeling with appropriate interface treatment for the transient heat and mass diffusion through multilayered multicomponent materials with irregular boundary
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this research is to promote modeling transient heat and volatile organic compound (VOC) diffusion in multilayered materials with different thermophysical characteristics and irregular interfaces. Although lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has exhibited considerable promise for steady-state transport, efforts are still needed in accurately addressing flux continuity on interfaces. This research applies and contrasts two methods: the diffuse interface approach, dependent on a smoothness parameter, and the special interface treatment (SIT), which imposes directly flux and field continuity. This is to assess their efficiency, compare with analytical and existing results and illustrate practical use for energy efficiency and indoor air quality control. Design/methodology/approach This study develops a lattice Boltzmann framework to model transient heat and VOC diffusion across multilayer materials with contrasting thermophysical properties and irregular boundaries. Two interface treatments were implemented: (1) the diffuse interface method, which smooths interfacial discontinuities using a tunable thickness parameter and (2) the SIT*, which directly enforces temperature/concentration and flux continuity without additional parameters. Numerical simulations were performed for porous and non-porous assemblies, Sandwich panels and room-scale models. Validation was conducted against analytical solutions and published data to ensure accuracy, robustness and practical applicability ([*]Mohamad et al., 2014). Findings This study demonstrates that while the diffuse interface LBM provides smoother transitions for heat diffusion at regular interfaces, its reliance on a tunable smoothness parameter can obscure sharp gradients and hinder calibration. In contrast, the SIT approach ensures strict continuity of temperature/concentration and fluxes without extra parameters, proving particularly effective for VOC diffusion in multilayer assemblies with abrupt property contrasts and sorption effects. Validation against analytical, numerical and literature results confirms its accuracy for layered materials, Sandwich panels and room-scale problems. Overall, the SIT-based framework offers a practical, reliable tool for optimizing multilayer systems in energy and indoor air applications. Originality/value This study is original in adapting and systematically comparing the diffuse interface method and the SIT within the LBM framework for transient heat and VOC diffusion in multilayer assemblies. While the diffuse interface approach smooths property jumps via a tunable parameter, SIT enforces strict flux and field continuity without extra calibration, offering a robust alternative for VOC transport where abrupt variations dominate. The originality lies in demonstrating SIT's practicality across layered walls, Sandwich panels and room-scale simulations, providing a validated, parameter-free tool with clear relevance to thermal management, energy efficiency and indoor air quality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".