Prevalence and risk factors associated with adverse birth outcome in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Adverse pregnancy outcomes represent a major public health challenge in developed and resource-limited countries. Globally, approximately 60-80% of neonatal deaths occur in low birth weight infants, and more than 2 million infants die before birth each year and the burden of the problem is significant in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the combined incidence and risk factors for poor birth outcomes in Ethiopia. Method: International databases (PubMed, Google scholar, web of science and scopus) were searched. A funnel plot and Begg test were used to see the publication bias. The heterogeneity of studies was checked using I-square statistics with a cut of point 75% and the Newcastle Ottawa (NCO) quality assessment tool was applied to ensure the quality of the included articles. A random-effect model was applied to pool the adverse birth outcome. The sub-group analysis and Meta-regression analysis were conducted by region in the country and year of publication to control heterogeneity and to show variation. Result: A total of 16636 study participants were used to estimate the pooled prevalence of adverse fetal outcomes. The overall pooled prevalence of adverse fetal outcomes in Ethiopia was 28 (95% CI; 24-32; 12 = 97.44 percent, Pv= 0.001). Low birth weight 10.06% (95% CI; 7.21-12.91) and preterm birth 8.76% (95% CI; 5.4-12.11) were the most common adverse birth outcome at the national level. Rural in residency (AOR = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.64-3.24), lack of antenatal care follow up (AOR = 3.84; 95% CI: 2.76-5.35), pregnancy-induced hypertension (AOR = 7.27; 95% CI: 3.95-13.39), advanced maternal age ≥ 35(AOR = 2.72; 95% CI: 1.62-4.58, and having current complication of pregnancy (AOR = 4.98; 95% CI: 2.24-11.07) were the factors associated with adverse birth outcome. Conclusion: The pooled prevalence of adverse fetal outcomes in Ethiopia was high. Rural in residency, lack of antenatal care follow up, pregnancy-induced hypertension, advanced maternal age ≥ 35, and having current complications of pregnancy were the factors associated with adverse fetal outcome. Systematic review registration: Identifier: CRD42022327072.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.014 | 0.029 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.018 | 0.036 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".