Reduced strength is associated with abnormal body composition in children with a history of intestinal failure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objective Data on the relationship between body composition and strength in children with intestinal failure (IF) is lacking. The objectives were to (1) assess strength in children with IF compared to published norms; (2) examine the relationship between body composition and strength. Methods Children aged 4–18 years with IF, excluding those with significant developmental delay or mobility challenges, were included. Functional strength was assessed using the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency‐2 (BOT‐2) and muscle strength was measured with a dynamometer for handgrip strength (HGS) and knee flexion/extension. Body composition was assessed using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Two‐sample t ‐test compared strength in IF patients to published norms, and the relationship between body composition and strength was analyzed using linear regression. Results Thirty‐one children (71% male, mean age 9.9 years) were included. Twelve (39%) received parenteral nutrition (PN). Children with IF had significantly lower HGS ( p = 0.004), knee flexion ( p = 0.002), and extension ( p < 0.001) compared to published norms. Specifically, 80.6% scored below the mean for HGS, 71.0% for knee flexion, and 74.2% for extension. BOT‐2 revealed 26.9% had scores less than −1 SD. No significant differences in strength were found between those on enteral nutrition or PN. A significant positive relationship between functional strength and increased fat‐free mass, and decreased fat mass was found ( r 2 = 0.36, p = 0.002), with male sex strengthening the relationship ( r 2 = 0.62, p < 0.001). Conclusion Children with IF, both on enteral nutrition and PN, are weaker than healthy literature controls. Decreased strength was associated with lower fat‐free mass. This relationship was stronger in males than in females, highlighting the need to further investigate the mechanisms behind body composition and strength in this population. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04610918.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".