Hybrid Time–Frequency Analysis for Micromobility-Based Indirect Bridge Health Monitoring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bridges serve as vital connectors in the transportation network and infrastructure. Given their significance, it is crucial to continuously monitor bridge conditions to ensure the efficient operation of transportation systems. With advancements in sensing technologies, transportation infrastructure assessment has evolved through the integration of structural health monitoring (SHM) methodologies. Traditionally, bridge monitoring has relied on direct sensor instrumentation; however, this method encounters practical obstacles, including traffic disruptions and limited sensor availability. In contrast, indirect bridge health monitoring (iBHM) utilizes data from moving traffic on the bridge itself. This innovative approach eliminates the need for embedded instrumentation, as sensors on vehicles traverse the bridge, capturing the dynamic characteristics of the bridge. In this paper, system identification methods are explored to analyze the acceleration data gathered using a bicycle-mounted sensor traversing the bridge. To explore the feasibility of this micromobility-based approach, bridge responses are measured under varying traversing conditions combined with dynamic rider-bicycle-bridge interaction for comprehensive evaluation. The proposed method involves a hybrid approach combining Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) with Synchro-extracting Transform (SET), which are employed to analyze the time-frequency characteristics of the acceleration signals of bike-based iBHM. The results indicate that the combination of WPT-SET demonstrates superior robustness and accuracy in isolating dominant nonstationary frequencies. The performance of the proposed method is compared with another prominent signal processing algorithm known as Time-Varying Filtering Empirical Mode Decomposition (TVF-EMD). Ultimately, this study underscores the potential of bicycles as low-cost, mobile sensing platforms for iBHM that are otherwise inaccessible to motorized vehicles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".