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Record W4417164449 · doi:10.1080/23744731.2025.2593799

Grey-box models of chiller evaporator for practical integration in building automation systems

2025· article· en· W4417164449 on OpenAlex
Hongwen Dou, Kun Zhang, Radu Zmeureanu

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueScience and Technology for the Built Environment · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicSmart Grid Energy Management
Canadian institutionsConcordia UniversityÉcole de Technologie Supérieure
Fundersnot available
KeywordsChillerEvaporatorWater chillerChiller boiler systemBuilding automationAutomationSystem integration

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This paper presents the development and validation of grey-box models for estimating the chilled water temperature difference ΔTchw across the chiller evaporator, with potential applications as virtual sensors in building automation systems (BAS) or integration into other mathematical models. The models are established for two scenarios, variable and constant chilled water flow rates under quasi-steady-state operation. These models require a small number of input variables and are characterized by strong adaptability. Three case studies of different chillers are used to validate the proposed virtual sensors with both static and dynamic windows methods, and help in the generalization of the proposed method. The models demonstrate high accuracy and robustness, achieving a root-mean-squared error of 0.19 °C in one case study. This study addresses the gap in the availability of simple yet reliable models that can be practically integrated into building automation systems for virtual sensing, virtual calibration, fault detection and diagnosis, and HVAC system control and optimization.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Simulation or modeling · Consensus signal: Simulation or modeling
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.770
Threshold uncertainty score0.227

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.013
GPT teacher head0.248
Teacher spread0.235 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it