Factors Associated with Vaccine Hesitancy Among Adults in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective: To assess socio-demographic attributes, healthcare workers' encouragement, and income status as predictors of vaccine hesitancy among adults in Peshawar, Pakistan. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional design employing an online survey to obtain data from participants from Peshawar, Pakistan. We used binary logistic regression to ascertain the extent of the association between vaccine hesitancy and independent predictors including age, gender, marital status, education, healthcare worker encouragement, and income level. We set the level of significance at p≤.05. Results: The study sample consisted of 398 participants with a mean age of approximately 48.05 years. The gender distribution was relatively balanced, with 205 males (51.5%) and 193 females (48.5%). Out of the total participants, 270 individuals (67.8%) accepted the vaccine, while 128 individuals (32.2%) declined it. Males were more likely to be vaccine hesitant than females (OR=2.42,95%CI:1.34-4.38). Healthcare worker encouragement reduced vaccine hesitancy (OR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.06-0.20). Individuals aged 46-60 showed higher vaccine hesitancy compared to those aged 18-30 (OR = 3.55, 95% CI: 1.44-8.73). Low-income earners were more likely to be vaccine-hesitant than higher-income earners (OR = 5.34, 95% CI: 2.07-13.80). Marital status and education level were not significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy. Conclusion: The study highlights the complex interplay of factors influencing vaccine hesitancy in Peshawar, Pakistan. Gender, age, income level, and healthcare worker encouragement significantly influence vaccine acceptance. These findings call for targeted interventions to tackle vaccine hesitancy pragmatically and promote vaccine uptake in the Peshawar region of Pakistan. ---------- Objectif : Évaluer les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, l’encouragement des professionnels de santé et le niveau de revenu comme prédicteurs de l’hésitation vaccinale chez les adultes à Peshawar, au Pakistan. Méthodes : L’étude était une étude transversale utilisant un sondage en ligne pour obtenir des données auprès de participants de Peshawar, au Pakistan. Nous avons utilisé une régression logistique binaire pour déterminer le degré d’association entre l’hésitation vaccinale et des prédicteurs indépendants, notamment l’âge, le sexe, l’état civil, le niveau d’éducation, l’encouragement des professionnels de santé et le niveau de revenu. Nous avons fixé le niveau de signification à p ≤ 0,05. Résultats : L’échantillon de l’étude était composé de 398 participants dont l’âge moyen était d’environ 48,05 ans. La répartition par sexe était relativement équilibrée, avec 205 hommes (51,5 %) et 193 femmes (48,5 %). Sur l’ensemble des participants, 270 personnes (67,8 %) ont accepté le vaccin, tandis que 128 personnes (32,2 %) l’ont refusé. Les hommes étaient plus susceptibles d’hésiter à se faire vacciner que les femmes (OR = 2,42, IC à 95 % : 1,34-4,38). Les encouragements des professionnels de santé ont réduit l’hésitation vaccinale (OR = 0,11, IC à 95 % : 0,06-0,20). Les personnes âgées de 46 à 60 ans ont montré une plus grande hésitation vaccinale que celles âgées de 18 à 30 ans (OR = 3,55, IC à 95 % : 1,44-8,73). Les personnes à faibles revenus étaient plus susceptibles d’hésiter à se faire vacciner que celles à revenus élevés (OR = 5,34, IC à 95 % : 2,07-13,80). La situation matrimoniale et le niveau d’éducation n’étaient pas associés de manière significative à l’hésitation vaccinale. Conclusion : Cette étude met en évidence l’interaction complexe des facteurs influençant l’hésitation vaccinale à Peshawar, au Pakistan. Le sexe, l’âge, le niveau de revenu et les encouragements des professionnels de santé influencent de manière significative l’acceptation de la vaccination. Ces résultats appellent à des interventions ciblées pour lutter de manière pragmatique contre l’hésitation vaccinale et promouvoir la couverture vaccinale dans la région de Peshawar au Pakistan.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".