Culture of Revenge: Analysing Blood Revenge in Pakistan's Tribal Areas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Revenge is a widespread phenomenon present in every culture. It is defined as a motivated retaliation against an offense or wrongdoing perceived as harmful or a violation of moral norms. Previous psychological research views revenge as an expressive action done for personal satisfaction. This article, however, will specifically focus on cases of blood revenge. The data for this study were collected through face‐to‐face in‐depth interviews with students from Pakistan's tribal areas. We explore a ‘culture of revenge’ wherein revenge is a social interaction in which peers, such as family, friends and opponents, stimulate an avenger's desire for revenge by making honour‐related paighor . 1 Consequently, the avenger enacts violent revenge to restore and uphold personal and cultural honour. Through this act, the avenger signals to the community that they have successfully defended and restored personal and cultural honour, thus deserve respect within the community. The implications of the findings are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".