Every Four-Legged Animal is Not a Dog: Investigating Concussive Symptoms in a Non-Concussed Psychiatric Sample
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Persistent somatic, cognitive, and psychological symptoms following an uncomplicated mild traumatic brain injury are often attributed to post-concussion syndrome. However, existing research demonstrates that non-concussed populations also report high base rates of such symptoms. In this study, archival data from 131 individuals with psychiatric diagnoses were analyzed using the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire. Participants were classified into trauma- and anxiety-related disorders, somatic symptom and related disorders, or complex psychiatric disorders. Nonparametric tests were conducted to examine group differences in RPQ total and symptom cluster scores. Significant differences were observed across diagnostic groups, with the complex psychiatric disorders group endorsing the highest total and cluster scores. Across all psychiatric groups, mean RPQ total scores exceeded those reported in multicultural healthy controls and a mTBI sample. The present study demonstrates that PCS-like symptoms are not unique to neurological trauma but are strongly endorsed across psychiatric populations, particularly among individuals with multiple psychiatric comorbidities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".