Shoulder dislocations in professional male football (soccer) do not negatively affect long‐term quantitative and qualitative performance parameters: A retrospective analysis of 30 in‐match injuries of the German Bundesliga
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Purpose Shoulder dislocations in professional football are increasing and regularly associated with substantial layoff times. However, research on players' postinjury performance remains limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether first‐time shoulder dislocations negatively affect performance after return to play (RTP) and to determine whether the type of treatment (nonoperative vs. operative) influences post‐injury performance outcomes. Methods Retrospective, media‐based analysis of all first‐time in‐match shoulder dislocations in the top two German football leagues (first and second Bundesliga) from the 2012/2013 to 2021/2022 season ( n = 30). Quantitative and qualitative performance data, as well as player‐, match‐ and injury‐related data were obtained from official databases. The Goalimpact (Goalimpact GmbH), a numerical value representing an individual player's impact on team success, served as the qualitative parameter. Data were analysed up to 2 years pre‐injury and 2 years post‐RTP. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results A total of 30 shoulder dislocations in 30 players with a median age of 25 years (Interquartile range [IQR]: 23–26) were available for analysis. Median layoff time was 65 days (IQR: 23–115), 22 days (IQR: 10–34) for those treated conservatively and 112 days (IQR: 92–133; p < 0.001) for players undergoing surgery. Quantitative performance parameters showed a temporary decrease, with fewer matches ( p = 0.017) and minutes played ( p = 0.004) in the 10 matches following RTP compared to the 10 matches pre‐injury. Goalimpact values were initially comparable to pre‐injury levels but improved 1 year (131 [IQR: 115–150] vs. 141 [IQR: 122–160]; p = 0.001) and 2 years (127 [IQR: 107–153] vs. 139 [IQR: 124–161]; p < 0.001) after RTP compared to pre‐injury. No significant differences in performance were found regarding type of injury or type of treatment, nor were performance outcomes statistically significantly influenced by player's age, league and position played. Conclusion Shoulder dislocations in professional football led to a temporary short‐term decrease in quantitative performance parameters, while qualitative performance parameters remained initially similar. Type of injury as well as type of treatment, player's age, league and position played did not significantly influence performance outcomes. Level of Evidence Level III.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".