Techno-economic assessment of a solar–ground source hybrid heat pump for radiant floor conditioning in a PCM-enhanced residential building
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates an integrated residential energy system that combines a water-to-water heat pump, a horizontal ground heat exchanger, PCM-enhanced building envelope, solar-thermal collector, and BIPV for radiant floor heating and cooling of a building in Toronto, Canada. The system was modelled in TRNSYS 18, and a parametric analysis was conducted to optimize radiant-floor design parameters, including pipe spacing, mass flow rate, and slab thickness, to maximize thermal effectiveness and comfort. Incorporating PCM within the exterior walls reduced the annual heating and cooling loads by 26.8 % and 11.8 %, respectively, by stabilizing indoor temperature fluctuations. The integrated configuration lowered total electricity consumption by 75 %, from 22.9 MWh/year to 5.6 MWh/year, and decreased CO 2 emissions by 82 %, from 688 kg/year to 124 kg/year, compared with a conventional ground-source heat-pump system. The average coefficient of performance improved from 4.11 to 4.65 in heating mode and from 5.32 to 5.84 in cooling mode. Economic analysis indicated a nine-year payback period due to the significant reduction in operating costs, and the system consistently maintained indoor conditions within the ASHRAE-recommended comfort range (20–24 °C). The results confirm that integrating PCM, ground heat exchanger, and renewable energy sources can substantially enhance energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness, offering a practical solution for achieving low-carbon residential heating and cooling in cold climates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".