Orthogonal superposition of oscillatory shearing upon steady shear flow from polymer rotarance theory: normal stresses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract One of the most intriguing experiments in polymer physics, is the superposition of small shearing oscillations upon steady shear flow. This experiment allows us to explore how the steady shear flow affects the complex viscosity, and the complex components of the first and second normal stress differences. The novelty of this paper is its exploration of the how the direction of this superposition matters to the complex components of the first and second normal stress differences in orthogonal superposition. Whereas, these complex components of the normal stress differences have been measured in parallel superposition, these have not been measured in orthogonal. Previously, we derived material functions from rotarance theory for the (previously measured) normal stress responses to the parallel superposition of small-amplitude oscillatory shear flow upon steady shear flow [ Phys. Fluids , 37 , 033133 (2025)]. The novelty of this work is that we arrive at analytical expressions for the (not previously measured) orthogonal superposition counterparts. We choose rotarance theory for our exploration, for its unique diversity of macromolecular structure. By rotarance theory , we mean accounting for the elasticity of polymeric liquids by considering, and by only considering, the physics of macromolecular orientation. We find that both the first and second normal stress difference responses in orthogonal superposition differ importantly from their parallel superposition counterparts.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".