Dietary Spirulina inclusion in low-protein diets modulated the proportion of cecal propionic acid with a marginal effect on jejunal morphology in broiler chickens
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of dietary Spirulina (SP) on the growth performance, cecal short-chain fatty acids, and the jejunal morphology of broiler chickens fed an adequate (195 g/kg) or low crude protein (LCP) diet (160 g/kg). Birds were fed a starter diet from day 1 to 8 post-hatching. Birds were assigned to four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with two crude protein (CP) levels (195 or 160 g/kg CP) and two added SP levels (0 or 50 g/kg) from day 8 to 20 post-hatching. There were eight replicate cages per treatment with eight birds per cage. Dietary SP addition increased ( P < 0.05) villus height to crypt depth ratio and ileal digestible energy in broilers, regardless of CP level. There was a tendency ( P = 0.091) for an SP × protein level interaction on the jejunal villus area of broiler chickens. Moreover, there was an SP × CP level interaction ( P < 0.05) on the proportion of propionic acid in the cecal digesta of birds. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that an LCP diet with dietary SP inclusion altered cecal short-chain fatty acid proportion and marginally induced changes in jejunal morphology in broiler chickens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".