Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of siamenoside I in rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of [ 14 C]-siamenoside I were studied following single oral doses of 5 mg/kg bodyweight with intact and bile duct-cannulated rats. Elimination of radioactivity was rapid and essentially complete by the end of the sample collection period (0–168 hours), with the primary excretion route being the feces (101% males and 92% females). The estimate of absorption determined from the level of radiolabel in the bile of bile duct-cannulated rats was approximately 43% in males and 42% in females. The resultant systemic exposure as determined via urinary as well as blood and plasma radioactivity levels was low relative to the administered dose with only 1% to 1.5% eliminated in intact and bile duct-cannulated male and female urine. Blood, plasma and tissue radioactivity levels were rapidly and widely distributed with the overall distribution low relative to administered dose. Metabolism of siamenoside I, to mogrol following cleavage of the sugar groups was the major component of feces (53 to 59%), which appears to occur in the gastrointestinal tract prior to absorption. This was supported by mogrol being a significant component of radioactivity in plasma and tissues. The biotransformation of absorbed radioactivity also involved formation of several oxidized metabolites of mogrol, generally addition of oxygen and/or dehydrogenation. Overall absorption and subsequent excretion of [ 14 C]-siamenoside I was similar in male and female rats as determined by the levels of radioactivity present in the urine and bile with no evidence of accumulation or retention observed in any tissue.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".