Understanding Residual Stresses in the Field of Additive Manufacturing
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article discusses the additive manufacturing (AM) processes involving solidification, because this liquid-to-solid phase transformation can develop important residual stresses (RS). Three subcategories are examined: powder-bed fusion (PBF), directed-energy deposition (DED), and wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). The understanding of the field is achieved by linking the RS, cooling rate, alloy composition, and the solidification microstructure length scale. To provide guidelines for the best combination of RS measurement techniques for a given type of AM part, an understanding of the measurement techniques, their working principles, and their limitations is presented. Two families of techniques exist for measuring RS, namely, destructive and non-destructive testing methods. The article presents case studies illustrating the relations between residual stress measurement techniques, the AM process, and the microstructure.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it