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Record W4417283570 · doi:10.1103/gwc6-55bg

Search for nucleon decay via <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">→</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">→</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ν</mml:mi> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> in 0.484 Mton-year of Super-Kamiokande data

2025· article· en· W4417283570 on OpenAlexafffund

Bibliographic record

VenuePhysical review. D/Physical review. D. · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicQuantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions
Canadian institutionsUniversity of WinnipegBritish Columbia Institute of Technology
FundersInstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareScience and Technology Facilities CouncilJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceHorizon 2020 Framework ProgrammeAlliance de recherche numérique du CanadaInstitute for Basic ScienceNarodowe Centrum NaukiMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónMinisterstwo Edukacji i NaukiNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaMinistry of Science and ICT, South KoreaNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Research Foundation of KoreaU.S. Department of EnergyMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyNextGenerationEUNational Science Foundation
KeywordsNucleonPionNeutrinoProduction (economics)Elementary particleFiducial marker

Abstract

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We present the results of searches for nucleon decays via <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <a:mi>p</a:mi> <a:mo stretchy="false">→</a:mo> <a:mi>ν</a:mi> <a:msup> <a:mi>π</a:mi> <a:mo>+</a:mo> </a:msup> </a:math> and <d:math xmlns:d="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <d:mi>n</d:mi> <d:mo stretchy="false">→</d:mo> <d:mi>ν</d:mi> <d:msup> <d:mi>π</d:mi> <d:mn>0</d:mn> </d:msup> </d:math> using a <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <g:mrow> <g:mn>0.484</g:mn> <g:mtext> </g:mtext> <g:mtext> </g:mtext> <g:mi>Mt</g:mi> <g:mo>·</g:mo> <g:mi>yr</g:mi> </g:mrow> </g:math> exposure of Super-Kamiokande I-V data covering the entire pure water phase of the experiment. Various improvements on the previous 2014 nucleon decay search [], which used an exposure of <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <i:mrow> <i:mn>0.173</i:mn> <i:mtext> </i:mtext> <i:mtext> </i:mtext> <i:mi>Mt</i:mi> <i:mo>·</i:mo> <i:mi>yr</i:mi> </i:mrow> </i:math> , are incorporated. The physics models related to pion production and nuclear interaction are refined with external data, and a more comprehensive set of systematic uncertainties, now including those associated with the atmospheric neutrino flux and pion production channels, is considered. Also, the fiducial volume has been expanded by 21%. No significant indication of a nucleon decay signal is found beyond the expected background. Lower bounds on the nucleon partial lifetimes are determined to be <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <k:mn>3.5</k:mn> <k:mo>×</k:mo> <k:msup> <k:mn>10</k:mn> <k:mn>32</k:mn> </k:msup> <k:mtext> </k:mtext> <k:mtext> </k:mtext> <k:mi>yr</k:mi> </k:math> for <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <m:mi>p</m:mi> <m:mo stretchy="false">→</m:mo> <m:mi>ν</m:mi> <m:msup> <m:mi>π</m:mi> <m:mo>+</m:mo> </m:msup> </m:math> and <p:math xmlns:p="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <p:mn>1.4</p:mn> <p:mo>×</p:mo> <p:msup> <p:mn>10</p:mn> <p:mn>33</p:mn> </p:msup> <p:mtext> </p:mtext> <p:mtext> </p:mtext> <p:mi>yr</p:mi> </p:math> for <r:math xmlns:r="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <r:mi>n</r:mi> <r:mo stretchy="false">→</r:mo> <r:mi>ν</r:mi> <r:msup> <r:mi>π</r:mi> <r:mn>0</r:mn> </r:msup> </r:math> at 90% confidence level.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.005
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.003
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Science and technology studies, Scholarly communication, Open science, Research integrity, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Science and technology studies, Research integrity, Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.885
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0050.003
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0040.005
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0020.007
Bibliometrics0.0010.004
Science and technology studies0.0040.004
Scholarly communication0.0030.004
Open science0.0070.007
Research integrity0.0040.006
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0090.005

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.021
GPT teacher head0.318
Teacher spread0.297 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.

Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes

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