Feasibility of public CPR training kiosks to increase bystander resuscitation: a Monte Carlo simulation study
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) depends on immediate bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), yet rates range from 42-70% in Canada. Traditional CPR education faces barriers of access, retention, and scalability. Public CPR kiosks are a novel alternative, but their potential population-level impact is uncertain. Methods We developed a Monte Carlo and queueing-based simulation model to estimate the effect of CPR kiosks on bystander CPR in Toronto, Canada. The model incorporated venue-specific passer volumes, funnel attrition (approach, engagement, practice, competence), demographic witness likelihood, post-training willingness to act, and skill retention. Outcomes included competent trainees, witness-weighted trainees, additional CPR attempts, change in citywide bystander CPR, lives saved, and cost-effectiveness. We modelled deployment of 30 kiosks across four venue types—mega-volume public spaces (n=6), hospitals (n=8), large commercial venues (n=8), and community sites (n=8)—each with empirically informed passer volumes and engagement probabilities. Results Median annual throughput per kiosk ranged from 488 competent trainees (95% credible interval [CrI], 94–1550) at small sites (0.5 million passers) to 19,618 (95% CrI, 3706–50,000) at mega-sites (40 million passers). Witness-weighted trainees were highest in hospitals and pharmacies, reflecting more caregivers and seniors. Training increased willingness to act from 40% to 60–80%; this action uplift strongly influenced outcomes. In Toronto, a blended network of 30 kiosks (6 mega, 8 hospital, 8 community, 8 large) increased bystander CPR by 7.5–8.0 percentage points, with a 90–95% probability of meeting or exceeding a 5–point target within one year. This translated to ∼150 additional CPR attempts and 15 lives saved annually. Costs were ∼$10,000 per life saved and ∼$1250 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Conclusions Simulation modeling suggests CPR kiosks can feasibly and cost-effectively increase bystander CPR, with impact shaped by visibility, action willingness, and targeting individuals most likely to witness arrest.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it