Auxin and cytokinin regulate growth dynamics underlying carpel initiation in Arabidopsis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Plant organ initiation requires precise spatial and temporal coordination of cellular behaviors. In Arabidopsis, the gynoecium, the female reproductive structure formed by two fused carpels, is initiated after the termination of the floral meristem. Proper initiation of the carpels is crucial for ovule protection, successful fertilization, and the formation of diverse fruit structures. While the phytohormones auxin and cytokinin are known to regulate organogenesis, their interplay during the earliest stages of carpel development is not fully understood. In particular, how auxin-cytokinin crosstalk influences growth patterns that shape the emerging gynoecium remains unknown. Here, we combined confocal live imaging, hormone treatments, and hormone reporters to capture at cellular resolution the dynamic processes of cell expansion and division that drive the onset of the carpel developmental program. We show that carpel primordia initiation is driven by growth differences between the fast-expanding peripheral and slow-growing central regions, transforming the dome-shaped floral meristem into two fused carpels connected by a continuous ring of cells. Ectopic cytokinin treatments increase cell growth and division to promote an increase in the size of the carpel primordia, whereas inhibition of auxin transport has the opposite effect. Our results suggest that the interplay between auxin and cytokinin is indispensable for establishing the correct organ geometry during carpel initiation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".