← Back to cohort
Global burden of lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
Sarah Brooke Sirota, Rose Bender, Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez, Amanda Movo, Lucien R Swetschinski, Daniel T Araki, Chieh Han, Eve E Wool, Jiawei He, Austin Carter, Ahmed Aj. Jabbar, Mohammad Amin Aalipour, Hasan Aalruz, Zahra Abbasi Dolatabadi, Hedayat Abbastabar, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Ashraf N. Abdalla, Mohammed Abdalla, Jafri Malin Abdullah, Emad M. Abdallah, Nadin M.I. Abdel Razeq, Atef Abdelkader, Sherief Abd‐Elsalam, Siddig İbrahim Abdelwahab, Meriem Abdoun, Arman Abdous, Mostafa M. Abdrabou, Jeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Auwal Abdullahi, Toufik Abdul‐Rahman, Kulmira Abdykerimova, Habtamu Abebe, Armita Abedi, Asrat Agalu Abejew, Syed Hani Abidi, Olifan Zewdie Abil, Olumide Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Ulric Sena Abonie, Abdullahi Tunde Aborode, Nagah M Abourashed, Dariush Abtahi, Zhanar Abu, Rana Abu Farha, Fuad H. Abuadas, Aminu Kende Abubakar, Usman Abubakar, Nermeen M. Abu‐Elala, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Ahmad Y. Abuhelwa, Hana J Abukhadijah, Dina Abushanab, Anirudh B. Acharya, Krishna Prasad Acharya, Swetha Acharya, Meshack Achore, Ousman Adal, Lisa C. Adams, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Tajudeen Adewumi Adebisi, David Adedia, Kamoru A. Adedokun, Nurudeen A. Adegoke, Victor Adekanmbi, Olumide Thomas Adeleke, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Ridwan Olamilekan Adesola, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Idowu Peter Adewumi, Mache Tsadik, Ripon Kumar Adhikary, Atman Adiba, Usha Adiga, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Giuseppina Affinito, Saira Afzal, Gizachew Beykaso Agafari, Navidha Aggarwal, Percival Delali Agordoh, Anurag Agrawal, Williams Agyemang‐Duah, Mahsa Ahadi, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, A. Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Faisal Ahmad, Ijaz Ahmad, Khurshid Ahmad, Muayyad Ahmad, Rabbiya Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Mahnaz Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Mushood Ahmed, Naveed Ahmed, Shahzaib Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Ibrahim Ahmed El-Imam, Oluwasefunmi Akeju, Roland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe, Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar, Karolina Akinosoglou, Hammad Akram, Salah Al Awaidy, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Mohammad Ahmmad Mahmoud Al Zoubi, Mousa A. Al‐Abbadi, Muaaz Alajlani, Ziyad Al‐Aly, Khurshid Alam, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Fahad Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Jude Oluwapelumi Alao, Abdullah M. Alarifi, Fahmi Y. Al-Ashwal, Seyed Mohammad Amin Alavi, Mohammed ALBashtawy, Mohammad T AlBataineh, Nader Al‐Dewik, Wafa Ali Aldhaleei, Shereen M. Aleidi, Fentahun Alemnew, Ali M Alfalki, Abdelazeem M. Algammal, Ashraf Alhumaidi, Fahad A. Alhumaydhi, Haroon Muhammad Ali, Kamran Ali, Liaqat Ali, Mohammad Daud Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Shahid Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Montaha Al‐Iede, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Mina Alimohammadi, Hamid Alinejad‐Rokny, M J Gol Alipour, Samah W. Al‐Jabi, Mohamad Aljofan, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Khaled S. Allemailem, Sabah Al-Marwani, Joseph Uy Almazan, Hesham M. Al‐Mekhlafi, Amr Almobayed, Mohmmad Minwer Alnaeem, Wasan Madhat Yousif Alnakshabandie, Hasan Y. Alniss, Mahmoud A. Alomari, Jaber S. Alqahtani, Ahmad R. Al‐Qudimat, Rajaa Al‐Raddadi, Intima Alrimawi, Sahel Majed Alrousan, Mohammed Alsabri, Najim Z. Alshahrani, Hamad Alshetaiwi, Yazed Saleh Alsowaida, Zaid Altaany, Awais Altaf, Ala’a B. Al‐Tammemi, Jaffar A. Al‐Tawfiq, Malik A Althobiani, Khalid A Altirkawi, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Hassan Alwafi, Mohammad Al‐Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al‐Worafi, Hany Aly, Mohammad S. Alyahya, Karem H. Alzoubi, Adel S. Al-Zubairi, Md. Akib Al‐Zubayer, Walid Al-Zyoud, Ekiyor Joseph Amafah, Melika Haji Mohammadi, Abebe Feyissa Amhare, Kafayat Aminu, Nafiu Aminu, Majid Aminzare, Sohrab Amiri, Anandhi Deva Amirtharaj, Dickson A Amugsi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Filippos Anagnostakis, Etsay Woldu Anbesu, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, AbdulAzeez Adeyemi Anjorin, Kabilan Annadurai, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Saeid Anvari, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Geminn Louis Carace Apostol, Walter Appati, Jalal Arabloo, Jesu Arockiaraj, Mahwish Arooj, Anton A Artamonov, Deepavalli Arumuganainar, Nabiy Arystan, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq, Melat Tesfaye Asebot, Shewatatek Melaku Asefa, Mulusew Andualem Asemahagn, Syed Amir Ashraf, Tahira Ashraf, Mitra Ashrafi, Muhammad Shahzad Aslam, Yuni Asri, Dereje Zewdu, Batyrbek Assembekov, Ömer Ataç, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Sachin Atre, J. Atta, Zeenah Atwan, Matteo Augello, Avinash Aujayeb, Khursheed Aurangzeb, Sana Javaid Awan, Andargie Abate Awoke, Babafela Awosile, Habtamu Molla Ayele, Yusuf Oloruntoyin Ayipo, Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh, AKM Azad, Davood Azadi, Hiva Azami, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Amin Azizan, Abisola Esther Babatope, Giridhara R. Babu, Israel Tadesse Bacha, Muhammad Badar, Fereshteh Baghizadeh, Khlood Baghlaf, Razieh Bahreini, Atif Amin Baig, Mohamad Amin Bakhshali, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Mohammadreza Balooch Hasankhani, Aleksandra Barać, Manish Barik, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Muhammad Irfan Bashir, Shahid Bashir, Azadeh Bashiri, Rehana Basri, Quique Bassat, Mohammad‐Mahdi Bastan, Abdul‐Monim Batiha, Kavita Batra, Ravi Batra, Zemenu Wube Bayleyegn, Abdulrahman S. Bazaid, Neeraj Bedi, Narasimha M. Beeraka, Payam Behzadi, Bekalu Mekonen Belay, Asnake Gashaw Belayneh, Melesse Belayneh, Samir Bele, Uzma Belgaumi, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello, Umar Muhammad Bello, Samiun Nazrin Bente Kamal Tune, Om Prakash Bera, Abiye Assefa Berihun, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Paulo J. G. Bettencourt, Ashish Bhargava, Sonu Bhaskar, Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Manpreet S. Bhatti, Naif K. Binsaleh, Eshetie Melese Birru, Bijit Biswas, Mohammad Shahangir Biswas, Ahmad Naoras Bitar, Molalegne Bitew, Bruno Bizzozero‐Peroni, Trupti Bodhare, Eyob Ketema Bogale, Archith Boloor, Paria Bolourinejad, Mina Borran, Samuel Adolf Bosoka, Alejandro Botero Carvajal, Souad Bouaoud, C. S. Boxe, Н. И. Брико, Felix Busch, Yasser Bustanji, Daniela Călina, Angelo Capodici, Andrea Carugno, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Luca Cegolon, Muthia Cenderadewi, Achille Cernigliaro, Müge Çevik, Joshua Chadwick, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Lam Duc Chau, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Sirshendu Chaudhuri, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Hana Chen, Haowei Chen, Hui Chen, Rucheng Chen, Xiang Chen, Nicholas Chew, Patrick R Ching, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, William C. Cho, Bryan Chong, Deepti Chopra, Shivani Chopra, E. Chowdhury, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh‐Toi Chu, Ting‐Wu Chuang, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Eric Lim Teik Chung, S. Y. Chung, Muhammad Chutiyami, Sara Conti, Alexandru Corlăteanu, Claudia Cosma, Natália Martins, Ali Dabbagh, Omid Dadras, Ephrem Mebratu Dagnew, Xiaochen Dai, Anh Kim Dang, Roy Arokiam Daniel, Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Samuel Danso, Samuel Demissie Darcho, Bahar Darouei, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jai K Das, Saswati Das, Dimash Davletov, William Marciel de Souza, Sindhura Deekonda, Marco Del Riccio, Iván Delgado‐Enciso, Dessalegn Demeke, Tadios Niguss Derese, Emina Dervišević, Muamer Dervišević, Girmay Desalegn, Devananda Devegowda, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Arkadeep Dhali, Amol S. Dhane, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Bibha Dhungel, Stefano Di Bella, Antonello Di Paolo, Marcello Di Pumpo, Guodong Ding, Hoa Do, Mai Vũ Ngọc, Thao Huynh Phuong, Клара Докова, Neda Dolatkhah, Fariba Dorostkar, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Paulo Magno Martins Dourado, Robert Kokou Dowou, Senbagam Duraisamy, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Siddhartha Dutta, Osamudiamen Ebohon, Mohammad Hossein Ebrahimi, Abdelaziz Ed‐Dra, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Foolad Eghbali, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Seraphine Mojoko Eko, Rabie Adel El Arab, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Ahmed Eldaboush, Marwan El-Deyarbi, Muhammed Elhadi, Yasir Ahmed Mohammed Elhadi, Mohamed Elhoumed, Omar El Meligy, Mohamed A. Elmonem, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem, Mohammed Elshaer, Abdelgawad Salah Abdelgawad Eltahawy, Setegn Eshetie, Babak Eshrati, Gilbert Eshun, Majid Eslami, Heidar Fadavian, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ildar Fakhradiyev, Markus Fally, Qiping Fan, Mohammad Farahmand, Abdullah Farasani, Mohammad Fareed, Aisha Farhana, Syed Muhammad Yousaf Farooq, Folorunso O. Fasina, Modupe Margaret Fasina, Ali Fatehizadeh, Zareen Fatima, Ginenus Fekadu, Pietro Ferrara, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Bikila Regassa Feyisa, Belete Sewasew Firew, Florian Fischer, Marco Fonzo, Célia F. Rodrigues, Oluwaseun Daniel Fowotade, Péter Gaál, Abdelrahman Gamil Gad, Santosh Gaihre, Márió Gajdács, Balasubramanian Ganesh, G Shivaprakash, Xiang Gao, Fernando García, David García‐Azorín, Jacopo Garlasco, Zisis Gatzioufas, Rupesh K. Gautam, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Gebremariam Wulie Geremew, Bradford D. Gessner, Genanew Kassie Getahun, Gebremariam Getaneh, Kalab Yigermal Gete, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Kazem Ghaffari, Arin Ghamkhar, Lobna Gharaibeh, Moein Ghasemi, Mohammad Amin Ghatee, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Sailaja Ghimire, Sama Ghoba, Artyom Gil, Syed Abdullah Gilani, Bikash Ranjan Giri, Alessandro Girombelli, László Göbölös, Kimiya Gohari, Pouya Goleij, Wenping Gong, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Habtamu Alganeh Guadie, Shi‐Yang Guan, Giovanni Guarducci, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Kabiru Abubakar Gulma, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Anish Kumar Gupta, Gaurav Gupta, Lalit Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Swati Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Gupta, Roberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo, José Guzmán-Esquivel, Awoke Derbie Habteyohannes, Mostafa Hadei, Najah R Hadi, Zahra Hadian, Abdul Hafiz, Nguyen Hai Nam, Addisalem Haile, Kirubel Tesfaye Hailu, Sebastian Haller, Islam Hamad, Mohamed Hamed, Ahmad Hammoud, Didem Han Yekdeş, Asif Hanif, Nasrin Hanifi, Fahad Hanna, Ashanul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Zitta Barrella Harboe, Sara Harsini, Eka Mishbahatul Marah Has, Ikramul Hasan, Md. Kamrul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Andrea Haselbeck, Arezou Hashem Zadeh, Mohammad Hashem Hashempur, Ammarah Hasnain, Md Saquib Hasnain, Amr Hassan, Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan, Mukhtar Abdi Hassan, Nageeb Hassan, Shokoufeh Hassani, Lasanthi Wathsala Hathagoda, Khezar Hayat, Qida He, Behzad Heibati, Mohammad Heidari, Yosra A. Helmy, Abdelaziz Hendy, Claudiu Herţeliu, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Ramesh Holla, Jon Gitz Holler, Alamgir Hossain, Md. Sabbir Hossain, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Junjie Huang, Kiavash Hushmandi, Javid Hussain, Ali M. Hussein, Dursa Hussein, Mohammed Asif Hussein, Nawfal R Hussein, Mohamed I. Husseiny, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Liliya Ibragimova, Aminu A. Ibrahim, Khalid S Ibrahim, Anel Ibrayeva, Adalia Ikiroma, Aqsa Ikram, Kevin S Ikuta, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena Ilić, Milena Ilić, Salim Ilyasu, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mustapha Immurana, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Azfar Athar Ishaqui, Md Rabiul Islam, Md. Shahinul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Shameeran Salman Ismael, Faisal Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Yerlan Ismoldayev, Masao Iwagami, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Assefa N Iyasu, Jalil Jaafari, Ali Jadidi, Haitham Jahrami, Ayushi Jain, Mihajlo Jakovljević, Mohamed Jalloh, Armaan Jamal, Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal, Jazlan Jamaluddin, Jerin James, Roland Dominic G. Jamora, Esmaeil Jarrahi, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Javad Javidnia, Talha Jawaid, Shubha Jayaram, Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe, Yovanthi Anurangi Jayasinghe, Jae Joon Jeon, Seogsong Jeong, Min Jiang, Wenyi Jin, Iain G. Johnston, Nabi Jomehzadeh, Jost B Jonas, Jobin Jose, Akaninyene Joseph, Nitin Joseph, Krupal Joshi, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, K Vaishali, Billingsley Kaambwa, Vidya Kadashetti, Dler Hussein Kadir, Mohammad Fahim Kadir, Jamilya Kaibullayeva, Khalil Kalavani, Sanjay Kalra, Mohammad Azhar Kamal, Ramat T. Kamorudeen, Oleksandr Kamyshnyi, Jiseung Kang, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Suthanthira Kannan S, Surya Kant, Dattatreya Kar, Debasish Kar, Mehrdad Karajizadeh, Paschalis Karakasis, Jafar Karami, André Karch, Arman Karimi Behnagh, Samad Karkhah, Mohmed Isaqali Karobari, Tomasz M. Karpiński, Faizan Kashoo, Manoj Kumar Kashyap, Natnael Bekuretsion Bekuretsion Kassahun, Mohd Adnan Kausar, Foad Kazemi, Hafte Kahsay Kebede, Yabets Tesfaye Kebede, Mohammad‐Hossein Keivanlou, John H. Kempen, Ariz Keshwani, Himanshu Khajuria, Hazim O. Khalifa, Anees Ahmed Khalil, Pantea Khalili, Faham Khamesipour, Ajmal Khan, Faiz Ullah Khan, Iman Waheed Khan, Iqra Hamid Khan, Maseer Khan, Mohammad Idreesh Khan, Muhammad Umer Khan, Muhammad Salim Khan, Yusuf S. Khan, Zahid Khan, Sameer Khasbage, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Khatatbeh, Khalid A Kheirallah, Mehdi Khezeli, Parisa Khoshvaght, Samira Khoshvaght, Fatemeh Khosravi, Sepehr Khosravi, Grace Kim, Hye Jun Kim, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Sanjay Kini, Adnan Kısa, Sezer Kısa, Ladli Kishore, Desmond Klu, KM Shivakumar, Sonali Kochhar, Sky Wei Chee Koh, Ali‐Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Wolyu Erkano Korma, Tapos Kormoker, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Oleksii Korzh, Karel Kostev, Parvaiz A Koul, James‐Paul Kretchy, Kewal Krishan, Mohammed Kuddus, Claudia E. Kuehni, Ilari Kuitunen, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Shweta Kulshreshtha, Emmanuel Kumah, Dewesh Kumar, Jogender Kumar, Kamal Kumar, Narendar Kumar, Tushar Kumar, Vikash Kumar, Kumaran Subramanian, Satyajit Kundu, Jibin Kunjavara, Setor K. Kunutsor, Om Kurmi, Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Pramod Kumar Kushawaha, Dian Kusuma, Assylkhan Kuttybayev, John Paul Kuwornu, Ville Kytö, Adriano La Vecchia, Chandrakant Lahariya, Hanpeng Lai, Timo Lajunen, Balzhan Lakanova, Francesco Lanfranchi, Colleen L. Lau, Teniola Lawanson, Duc H. Le, Caterina Ledda, Sergey Vadimovich Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei‐Chen Lee, Vasileios Leivaditis, Dawit Alemu Lemma, Chengfeng Li, Xiaopan Li, Jialing Lin, Gang Liu, Haipeng Liu, Jue Liu, Yushan Liu, Zhe Liu, Erand Llanaj, Madeeha Shahzad Lodhi, Michael J. Loftus, Kevin Lu, Jailos Lubinda, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Peng Luo, Angelina M Lutambi, Hengliang Lv, Miltiadis D. Lytras, Ellina Lytvyak, Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin, Kevin Sheng‐Kai, Zheng Feei, Mahmoud Mabrok, Firoozeh Madadi, Farzan Madadizadeh, Pasquale Maffia, Fatemeh Maghool, Edward Augustine Magwe, Samatar Abshir Mahamed, Nozad Hussein Mahmood, Shima Mahmoudi, Ahmad Azam Malik, Shahid M. Malik, Lesibana Anthony Malinga, Birhanemaskal Malkamu, Aseer Manilal, Farheen Mansoor, Shaista Manzoor, Tahir Maqbool, Hamid Reza Marateb, Konstantinos Margetis, Michael Hultström, Bernardo Alfonso Martínez-Guerra, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins‐Melo, Miquel Martorell, Roy Rillera Marzo, Sammer Marzouk, Clara N Matei, Yasith Mathangasinghe, Neeta Mathur, Fernanda Penido Matozinhos, Rita Mattiello, Richard J. Maude, Georgios Mavrovounis, Steven McPhail, Rishi P Mediratta, Medhin Mehari, Riffat Mehboob, Ravi Mehrotra, Laychiluh Mekonnen, Hadush Negash Meles, Addisu Melese, Elham Memary, Ziad A. Memish, Walter Mendoza, Godfred Antony Menezes, Sultan Ayoub Meo, Michelangelo Mercogliano, Tuomo J Meretoja, Muayad Aghali Merza, Tomislav Mestrovic, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Mettananda, Sachith Mettananda, Mohamed M.M. Metwally, Sandrine Donfack D Mewoabi, Bartosz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michałek, Giuseppe Minervini, Wai‐Kit Ming, GK Mini, Erkin М Мirrakhimov, Seyed Ali Mirshahvalad, Amaresh Mishra, Shivangi Mishra, Vinaytosh Mishra, Mona Gamal Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Khabab Abbasher Hussien Mohamed Ahmed, Taj Mohammad, Abdolreza Mohammadi, Mohammad Kazem Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Saeed Mohammadi, Sammy Mohammadi, Omer Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Yahaya Mohammed, Syam Mohan, Yugal Kishore Mohanta, Mohammad Mohseni, Amin Mohsenzadeh, Ali H. Mokdad, Amirabbas Mollaei, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Marco Montalti, Paula Moraga, Lídia Morawska, Mahdis Morovvati, Mahmoud M Morsy, Freiser Eceomo Cruz Mosquera, Jonathan F Mosser, Rohith Motappa, Seyed Ahmad Mousavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Fatemeh Mousavi Kiasary, Seyed Mohamad Sadegh Mousavi Kiasary, Mohamed Awad Mousnad, Hagar Lotfy Mowafy, Kimia Mozahheb Yousefi, Sumaira Mubarik, Jibran Sualeh Muhammad, Sumoni Mukherjee, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Sileshi Mulatu, Francesk Mulita, Malaisamy Muniyandi, Kavita Munjal, Efrén Murillo‐Zamora, Sani Musa, Fungai Musaigwa, Sathish Muthu, Claude Mambo Muvunyi, Muhammad Muzaffar, Ayoub Nafei, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Karikalan Nagarajan, Ghada H. Naguib, Ganesh R. Naik, Hiten Naik, Firzan Nainu, Sanjeev Nair, Hastyar Hama Rashid Najmuldeen, Vinay Nangia, Ibrahim A Naqid, Shumaila Nargus, Abdulqadir J. Nashwan, Hamide Nasiri, Mahmoud Nassar, Zuhair S. Natto, Zakira Naureen, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Javad Nazari, Gordon Takop Nchanji, Amanuel Tebabal Nega, A. Negash, Ionuţ Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi, Samata Nepal, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Jean Claude Semuto Ngabonziza, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Hien Thu Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Long H. Nguyen, Tham Thi Nguyen, Trang Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Ali Nikoobar, Jean Marie Vianney Niyonsenga, Princess Afia Nkrumah-Boateng, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi, Shuhei Nomura, Sana Noreen, Valentine C. Nriagu, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, Jean Claude Nshimiyimana, Fred Nugen, Mengistu H Nunemo, Chijindu Nwakama, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Fabio Massimo Oddi, Michael Safo Oduro, Akinyemi O D Ofakunrin, Oluwaseun Adeolu Ogundijo, Olusegun Olatunji Ojedoyin, Hassan Okati‐Aliabad, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Oluyemi Adewole Okunlola, Patrick Godwin Okwute, Andrew T Olagunju, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Kenneth I. Onyedibe, Marcel Opitz, Aksoltan Shyhdurdyevna Oradova, Michał Ordak, Verner N. Orish, Atakan Orscelik, Esteban Ortiz‐Prado, Augustus Osborne, Eric Osei, Elham H. Othman, Oche Joseph Otorkpa, Amel Ouyahia, Irene Amoakoh Owusu, Oladayo A. Oyebanji, Kolapo Oyebola, Tope Oyelade, Kehinde Adewole Oyeniran, Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi, İlker Özşahin, P A Mahesh, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Dimpal Manilal Paija, Tamás Palicz, Adrian Pană, Sujogya Kumar Panda, Ashok Pandey, Seithikurippu R. Pandi‐Perumal, Georgios D. Panos, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Giovanni Paolino, Mario Virgilio Papa, Ilias Papadimopoulos, Parinaz Paranjkhoo, Shahina Pardhan, Amrita Parida, Chulwoo Park, Ava Pashaei, Maja Pasovic, Roberto Passera, Jenish Patel, Mitesh Patel, Neel Patel, Satyananda Patel, Shankargouda Patil, Dimitrios Patoulias, Shrikant Pawar, Shubhadarshini Pawar, Hamidreza Pazoki–Toroudi, Jarmila Pekarčíková, Prince Peprah, Gavin Pereira, Nilanka Perera, Gladymar Pérez Chacón, Simone Perna, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Olumuyiwa James Peter, Hai Quang Pham, Anil K. Philip, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Edoardo Pirera, Evgenii Plotnikov, Dimitri Poddighe, Р. В. Полибин, Ramesh Poluru, Maarten J. Postma, Sajjad Pourasghary, Reza Pourbabaki, Mohsen Poursadeqiyan, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Sergio I. Prada, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Akila Prashant, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Tirna Purkait, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Husam Qanash, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Xiang Qi, Zhipeng Qi, Jia-Yong Qiu, Navid Rabiee, Akeem Ganiyu Ganiyu Rabiu, Basuki Rachmat, Raghu Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Yashpal Singh Raghav, Pracheth Raghuveer, Sheu Kadiri Rahamon, H Rahim, Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar, Fryad Majeed Rahman, Md. Mosfequr Rahman, Obaidur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Masoud Rahmati, Sunil Kumar Raina, Jeffrey Pradeep Raj, Adarsh Raja, Sathish Rajaa, Gunaseelan Rajendran, Judah Rajendran, Shaman Rajindrajith, Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh, K Rakhimov, Mahmoud M. Ramadan, C. Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Sheena Ramazanu, Muhammad Ramzan, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Fatemeh Ranjbar Noei, Asad Gul Rao, Mithun Rao, Sowmya J Rao, Ashkan Rasouli‐Saravani, Rama Shankar Rath, Isha Rathi, Devarajan Rathish, Santosh Kumar Rauniyar, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Asit Ray, Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Melese Abate Reta, Luis Felipe Reyes, Nazila Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Moattar Raza Rizvi, Leonardo Roever, Ravi Rohilla, Moustaq Karim Khan Rony, Allen G. Ross, Himanshu Sekhar Rout, Adrija Roy, Parimal Roy, Priyanka Roy, Sharmistha Roy, Shubhanjali Roy, Polani Rubeshkumar, Guilherme de Andrade Ruela, S N Chandan, Aly M A Saad, Michela Sabbatucci, Maha Saber-Ayad, Seyyed Kiarash Sadat Rafiei, Muhammad Nabeel Saddique, Bashdar Abuzed Sadee, Ehsan Sadeghi, Erfan Sadeghi, Bassem Sadek, Hossein Sadr, Mοhd Saeed, Shazina Saeed, Umar Saeed, Maryam Saeedi, Mastooreh Sagharichi, Amene Saghazadeh, Ashok Kumar Sah, Indranil Saha, Ahmad Rafsanjani, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif‐Askari, Narjes Saheb Sharif‐Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Monalisha Sahu, Morteza Saki, Joseph W. Sakshaug, Bukola Salami, Zikria Saleem, Mohamed A. Saleh, Mahdi Salehi, Malik Sallam, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Abdallah M Samy, Elaheh Sanjari, Rama Krishna Sanjeev, Sathish Sankar, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sâo José, Hemen Sarma, Mohammad Sarmadi, Gargi S. Sarode, Sachin C. Sarode, Michele Sassano, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Mehrdad Savabi Far, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Mansour Sedighi, Hamidreza Seifmanesh, Saravanan Sekaran, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Selvaraj Vimalraj, Yuliya Semenova, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Dragoş Şerban, Yashendra Sethi, Seyed Mohammad Seyed Alshohadaei, Dina Seyedi, Allen Seylani, Kanwal Shahbaz, Samiah Shahid, Syed Ahsan Shahid, Endrit Shahini, Moyad Shahwan, Masood Ali Shaikh, Nafhat Shaikh, Alireza Shakeri, Ali Shakerimoghaddam, Sadia Shakoor, Sunder Sham, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Amir Hossein Shams, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Anas Shamsi, Dan Shan, Mohammed Shannawaz, Javad Sharifi‐Rad, Prof. Fariborz Sharifian Jazi, Avimanu Sharma, Bunty Sharma, Kamlesh Sharma, Manila Sharma, Manoj Sharma, Ravi Kumar Sharma, Rajesh P. Shastry, Shamee Shastry, Ramzi Shawahna, Ali Sheidaei, Rekha R. Shenoy, Suchitra Shenoy, Samendra P. Sherchan, Mahabalesh Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Premalatha K Shetty, Wenming Shi, Desalegn Shiferaw, Md. Monir Hossain Shimul, Jae Il Shin, Aminu Shittu, Ivy Shiue, Chandan Shivamallu, Velizar Shivarov, Ambreen Shoaib, Azad Shokri, Sina Shool, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Sunil Shrestha, Suleiman Adeiza Shuaibu, Nicole Remaliah Samantha Sibuyi, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Luís R. Silva, Padam Simkhada, Colin R Simpson, Mathias Van Singer, Akanksha Singh, Amit Kumar Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Harpreet Singh, Ambrish Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Poornima Suryanath Singh, Puneetpal Singh, Samer Singh, Satwinder Singh, Surendra Singh, Surjit Singh, Virendra Singh, Mukesh Kumar Sinha, Robert Sinto, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Mahdieh SobhZahedi, Md. Salman Sohel, Anton Sokhan, Ahmed M. Soliman, May Mohamed Sherif Soliman, Noha Salah Soliman, Sameh S. M. Soliman, Hossein Soltaninejad, Weiyi Song, Prashant Sood, Soroush Soraneh, Reed J D Sorensen, Joan B. Soriano, Michele Sorrentino, Anna Maria Spagnolo, Edina Spahic, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Kannan Sridharan, Manikandan Srinivasan, Shyamkumar Sriram, Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Andy Stergachis, Brendon Stubbs, Chen‐Yang Su, Omer Subasi, S. Balachandran, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Hasnat Sujon, Sahabi Kabir Sulaiman, Mark J. M. Sullman, Thanigaivel Sundaram, Chandan Kumar Swain, Łukasz Szarpak, Sree Sudha T Y, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Seyed‐Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Shima Tabatabai, Celine Tabche, Zanan Mohammed-Ameen Taha, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Jabeen Taiba, Iman M. Talaat, Mircea Tampa, Mohammad Tanashat, Mohsan Tanveer, Abiyu Abadi Tareke, Mengistie Kassahun Tariku, Saba Tariq, Nathan Y Tat, Vivian Y Tat, Nuno Taveira, Mebrahtu G. Tedla, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Teklit Gebremedhin Tekulu, Tarilate Temedie-Asogwa, Mohamad‐Hani Temsah, Azimeraw Arega Tesfu, Chandan Kumar Thakur, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, Rekha Thapar, Ismaeel Tharwat, Samar Tharwat, Friedrich Thienemann, Mehakpreet Thind, Muthu Thiruvengadam, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Krishna Kant Tiwari, Vikas Tiwari, Madi Tleshev, Sojit Tomo, Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone, An Thien Tran, Ngoc Ha Tran, Quynh Thuy Huong Tran, Thang Huu Tran, Nguyen Tran Minh Duc, Van-Long Trinh, Christopher Daniel Tristan, Samuel Tromans, Claudia Truppa, Gary Tse, Vasilis‐Spyridon Tseriotis, Lawrence Sena Tuglo, Atta Ullah, Himayat Ullah, Riaz Ullah, Saeed Ullah, Lawan Umar, Muhammad Umar, Umar Muhammad Umar, Era Upadhyay, Jibrin Sammani Usman, Hande Uzunçıbuk, Nazim Uzzaman, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Pascual Valdéz, Raman Swathy Vaman, Jef Van den Eynde, Tommi Vasankari, Srivatsa Surya Vasudevan, Baskar Venkidasamy, Akshaya Kumar Verma, Poonam Verma, Massimiliano Veroux, Simone Villa, Jorge Hugo Villafañe, Antonio Vitiello, Linh Gia Vu, Yasir Waheed, Megha Walia, Arvinder Wander, Liang Wang, Xingxin Wang, Yan Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Yilkal Abebaw Wassie, Ishanka Weerasekara, Xueying Wei, Dakshitha Praneeth Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Mieszko Więckiewicz, Angga Wilandika, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Marcin W. Wojewodzic, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Yohannes Chemere Wondmeneh, Florence Gyembuzie Wongnaah, Felicia Wu, James Fan Wu, Zongyin Wu, Yihun Miskir Wubie, Zhijia Xia, Lishun Xiao, Na Xiao, Wanqing Xie, Jin Xu, Site Xu, Mukesh Yadav, Saba Yahoo, Galal Yahya, Yusuf Yakubu, Haibo Yang, Kaiqi Yang, Xinxin Yang, Haiqiang Yao, Laiang Yao, Mohamed A. Yassin, Mohammad Hossein YektaKooshali, Subah Abderehim Yesuf, Thomas Kidanemariam Yewodiaw, Saber Yezli, Siyan Yi, Malede Berihun Yismaw, Yazachew Engida Yismaw, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Yong Yu, Hui Yuan, Quan Yuan, Umar Yunusa, Monal Yuwanati, Mubashir Zafar, Muhammad Sohail Zafar, Manijeh Zaghampour, Fathiah Zakham, Giulia Zamagni, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Heather J. Zar, Mohammed G M Zeariya, Jehan Zeb, Alemu Birara Zemariam, Sebastian Zensen, Eyael M Zeru, Haijun Zhang, Jinpeng Zhang, Pei Zhang, Xiaoyi Zhang, Zhichang Zhang, Murat Zhanuzakov, Chenyu Zhao, Luna Zhao, Bin Zhu, Zhounan Zhu, Abzal Zhumagaliuly, Magdalena Zielińska, Alimuddin Zumla, Ahed Zyoud, Sa’ed H. Zyoud, Shaher H. Zyoud, Simon I Hay, Mohsen Naghavi, Christopher J L Murray, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu
Bibliographic record
VenueThe Lancet Infectious Diseases · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicPneumonia and Respiratory Infections
Canadian institutionsHospital for Sick ChildrenMcGill UniversityUniversity of ReginaUniversity of CalgaryArtificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)University of British ColumbiaUniversity Health NetworkOttawa HospitalUniversity of ManitobaUniversity of AlbertaQueen's UniversityMcMaster UniversityHealth Sciences NorthUniversity of TorontoImpact
FundersBill and Melinda Gates Foundation
KeywordsBurden of diseaseDisease burdenDiseaseRespiratory systemDouble burdenGlobal health
Abstract
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.
No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.002
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.015
Threshold uncertainty score0.591
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.025
GPT teacher head0.329
Teacher spread0.304 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations22
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractno