Sustainable recycling of spent Li‐ion batteries through waste pine needle‐assisted carbothermal reduction for lithium recovery
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract As the global dependence on lithium‐ion batteries continues to grow, the challenge of recovering valuable metals from spent batteries has become increasingly crucial. Furthermore, the inappropriate disposal of spent batteries not only affects the loss of critical metals but also poses significant environmental hazards. To address these issues and develop sustainable recycling methods, the use of renewable and environmentally friendly materials is essential. Therefore, a biomass‐based energy‐intensive reduction method is proposed to recover lithium from spent lithium‐ion batteries. Here, waste pine needle was used as a biomass for carbothermal reduction process to convert lithium in the spent cathode powder into Li 2 CO 3 , while the transition metals were reduced to Ni, Co/CoO, and MnO. The effect of carbothermal reduction process parameters like temperature, mass ratio of pine needle and spent cathode powder, and residence time on leaching efficiency and reduction efficiency along with process modelling and optimization, was done using response surface methodology. Overall, this study provides an energy efficient approach to recycle spent LIBs using waste pine needles, enabling selective lithium recovery from spent lithium‐ion batteries.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it