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Record W4417364987 · doi:10.5539/res.v17n2p66

Finding High-Risk Adults/Youth: Assessing Risk Management (ARM): Ask-Standard-Predictor (ASP): Reliable, Valid, 11-Question Survey: Finding High-Risk Saves USA $300B-$1.2T Annual Violence Expense & Prevents 10,000 Murders

2025· article· W4417364987 on OpenAlexvenueno aff
Robert John Zagar, Steve Varela, Joseph K. Kovach, Steve Tippins, Kenneth G. Busch, Lorraine Stewart

Bibliographic record

VenueReview of European Studies · 2025
Typearticle
Language
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicGun Ownership and Violence Research
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsRisk managementPersonalityExtension (predicate logic)Statistical analysisAnnual reportHuman factors and ergonomicsRisk assessment

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Summary. - Ask-Standard-Predictor (ASP) surveys high-risk adults/youth before high-risk/self-harm [assessing risk management (ARM)]; 2,722 (1,595 adults, 1,127 youth) followed (in court, hospital, physician, school records) for 3-12-years, analyzed with robust, statistical methods (in-bag, out-of-bag, cross-validation, Shao’s bootstrapped, logistic-regressions), resulting in:: (a) predictive-accuracy [area-under-curve (AUC) = 0.99, adults, AUC = 0.91, youth, AUC = 0.96, combined]; (b) internal-consistency [Cronbach’s α = 0.61–0.62]; (c) test-retest-reliability [rtt = 0.75–0.76]; (d) convergent-divergent-validity (ability, achievement, perception, personality tests); (e) replicated-sensitivity- specificity [96-97%]. Predictors are valid across many populations [including 311,599 targeted, Chicago youth, receiving jobs, mentors, and anger-training, over 17-years, saving $3.6B-$5.3B, 1,242 homicides, 46% less shootings, and 77 fewer violent-youth-crimes] in “1-Chicago-Youth-Summer-Jobs-Program.” ASP is an extension of 95-year-probation-parole-decision-making-tests, allowing lowering high-risk by targeting scientifically-proven, cost-effective treatments. ASP and MMPI-2/A have the same”7-point-high-risk-profile” for youth, adults, males, females, homicidal, mass-murdering, serial-killing, sex-offending, suicide-completers, and overdosing, namely: 1-violence, 2-deception, 3-depression, 4-antisocial-behavior, 5-paranoid-ideation, 6-schizophrenic-thinking, 7-addiction-alcoholism.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.003
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.009
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.006
Threshold uncertainty score0.021

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0030.009
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.001
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.001
Open science0.0010.001
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0060.004

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.070
GPT teacher head0.396
Teacher spread0.326 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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