Effects of fat level and coconut-to-palm fat ratio in milk replacer on solid feed intake and performance of pre- and postweaning dairy calves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of varying fat levels and ratios of coconut to palm fat in milk replacer on solid feed intake and performance of male Holstein calves fed a high milk replacer allowance. Calves were individually housed and enrolled in a 91-d (study 1; n = 128) and 84-d (study 2; n = 128) experiment at the same research facility divided into 3 phases: preweaning (1-42 d), weaning (43-63 d), and postweaning (64-study end). In study 1, calves were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 treatments, consisting of a milk replacer containing a spray-dried blend of 20% coconut to 80% palm fat with: (1) low fat (17%; LF-17%; n = 42; BW = 47.64 ± 2.62 kg), (2) moderate fat (23%; MF-23%; n = 43; BW = 47.69 ± 3.42 kg), and (3) high fat (29%; HF-29%; n = 41; BW = 47.04 ± 3.74 kg) in relation to 26% CP level. In study 2, calves were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 treatments with the same fat-to-CP ratio (21% fat; 26% CP), varying the ratio of coconut to palm fat in the spray-dried fat blend with: 1) 20% to 80% (20C:80P; n = 42; BW = 47.63 ± 4.40 kg), 2) 35% to 65% (35C:65P; n = 42; BW = 49.07 ± 5.30 kg), and 3) 50% to 50% (50C:50P; n = 44; BW = 48.48 ± 4.09 kg), respectively. Milk replacer was fed twice daily (130 g/L) following the step-up, step-down program: from d 0 to 6, 520 g/d; d 7 to 13, 650 g/d; d 14 to 20, 910 g/d; d 21 to 41, 1,040 g/d; d 42 to 48, 910 g/d; d 49 to 63, 650 g/d. Body weight and calf starter intake were recorded weekly. Mixed linear models were used with treatment, phase, and their interaction included as fixed effects. Initial BW, serum total protein, calf source, and total number of disease interventions were tested as covariates. In study 1, ADG was greater for calves fed a low-fat milk replacer over the 91-d period (LF-17% = 1.24 ± 0.02, MF-23% = 1.09 ± 0.02, HF-29% = 1.12 ± 0.03 kg/d). At 91d, BW was greater for LF-17% (LF-17% = 160.80 ± 2.11, MF-23% = 147.22 ± 2.17, HF-29% = 149.59 ± 2.26 kg). Total DMI was greater for LF-17% calves across the postweaning phase, leading to greater ME intake (LF-17% = 14.15 ± 0.22, MF-23% = 11.98 ± 0.22, HF-29% = 12.31 ± 0.23 Mcal/kg). During preweaning, LF-17% calves had greater feed energy efficiency. In study 2, ADG was greater for 35C:65P calves over the total period (20C:80P = 1.04 ± 0.02, 35C:65P = 1.11 ± 0.02, 50C:50P = 1.04 ± 0.02 kg/d). At d 84, BW was greater for 35C:65P dairy calves (20C:80P = 135.82 ± 1.97 kg; 35C:65P = 141.63 ± 2.01 kg; 50C:50P = 136.25 ± 1.87 kg). These findings suggest that lower levels of fat in milk replacer, formulated with a spray-dried 20% coconut-to-80% palm fat blend, promote solid feed intake and overall performance. A spray-dried blend with a ratio of 35% coconut to 65% palm fat, included at 21% DM, appears to be a more favorable ratio in supporting calf performance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".