Experimental and numerical analysis of the shear performance of trapezoidal dowel connectors in steel–UHPC composite beams
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigates the shear performance of trapezoidal dowel connectors in steel–ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) composite beams through 15 push-out tests and complementary finite element simulations. The effects of dowel height, root width, and reinforcement ratio on shear resistance and failure modes were evaluated. Two distinct mechanisms were identified: steel dowel root shear failure, which dominated all experiments and most simulations, and UHPC dowel root shear-off, observed only in numerical analysis for extensive root widths. Test results showed that reducing the dowel height from 70 to 30 mm increased the ultimate shear capacity from 242 to 370 kN, while increasing the root width from 30 to 70 mm raised the capacity from 138 to 444 kN but triggered brittle UHPC failure. The reinforcement ratio (0.35%–0.75%) had a negligible influence. A simplified analytical formula for calculating shear capacity, assuming uniform load distribution, was proposed and validated against tests and simulations, with errors of less than 10%. Practical design recommendations for connector dimensions are also provided.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".