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Record W4417447320 · doi:10.5755/j01.erem.81.4.39917

Strategy for Maintaining Environmental Stability: Synthesis CO<sub>2</sub> Emission Gases into Sodium Carbonate

2025· article· en· W4417447320 on OpenAlex
Nuryoto Nuryoto, Heri Heriyanto, Rahmayetty Rahmayetty, Raihan Zikri Nawwari, Syahnaz Fatiyyah Harrisma, Rafiif Nur Tahta Bagaskara

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueEnvironmental Research Engineering and Management · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicChemical Looping and Thermochemical Processes
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Toronto
FundersUniversitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa
KeywordsSodium carbonateSodium hydroxideFourier transform infrared spectroscopyCarbonateCarbon dioxideVolumetric flow rateScanning electron microscopeReaction rateSodium

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The growing urgency of global environmental issues and the critical role of green and sustainable chemistry in developing eco-friendly processes call for innovative strategies to minimize waste. The conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary greenhouse gas, into high-value compounds such as sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) needs to be carried out by reacting it with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in solution. Optimal CO2 conversion can be achieved when integrating factors affecting the diffusion-reaction process is formulated correctly. Therefore, this research aims to analyze and investigate the extent influence of NaOH concentration, reaction temperature, and stirring speed in a pressurized system on the resulting Na2CO3. Observations were conducted across various variables to obtain comprehensive data and information. NaOH concentrations were tested in the range of 10-30wt%, stirring speeds of 200 and 300 rpm, and reaction temperatures of 20–50°C, with fixed variables of system pressure equivalent to 9.8 kPa and CO2 gas flow rate of 2 liters/minute. To ensure Na2CO3 formation, characterization was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results show that stirring speed, NaOH concentration, and system temperature can enhance the reaction rate and CO2 diffusion in the solution, as evidenced by the increased production of Na2CO3. The highest conversion was achieved at a stirring speed of 300 rpm, NaOH concentration of 30wt%, and reaction temperature of 50°C, yielding 16.43 grams per 300 ml or equivalent to 54.77 grams per liter. FTIR and SEM test results were identical to the Na2CO3 product under optimal conditions. The method in this research offers an alternative process worth considering, as it can produce relatively high yields. However, further observations are still needed by combining NaOH concentration and CO2 flow rate to make the process more effective, efficient, and economical.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.055
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.015
GPT teacher head0.250
Teacher spread0.234 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it