Urinary antimicrobials are associated with bile acid homeostasis and childhood obesity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Exposure to antimicrobials has been suggested to affect bile acid homeostasis and adipogenesis in the human body, but relevant studies remain limited in children. METHODS: This study selected 1134 children in Shanghai and determined 26 of antimicrobials and metabolites in urine, including five human antimicrobials (HAs), eight veterinary antimicrobials (VAs), 10 human/veterinary antimicrobials (H/VAs), and three metabolites of H/VAs, as well as nine urinary bile acids, including cholic acid (CA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), and glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA). Bile acid ratios were constructed to indicate their microbial transformation. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), general and central overweight/obesity were used as adipogenesis-related indexes. RESULTS: HAs, VAs, H/VAs or all antimicrobials was positively associated with LCA, GCDCA, and LCA/CDCA, but negatively associated with seven bile acids (UDCA, CDCA, DCA, CA, GCDCA, GDCA, and GCA) and three bile acid ratios (CDCA/GCDCA, UDCA/GUDCA, and CA/GCA). Urinary H/VAs or all antimicrobials was positively associated with BMI, WC, or central overweight/obesity. Compared to children with no detectable antimicrobials, those with high concentrations of H/VAs or all antimicrobials had a higher proportion of central overweight/obesity (OR=1.705, 95 %CI: 1.130-2.574; OR=1.603, 95 %CI: 1.105-2.327). A higher WC was observed in children with middle concentrations of H/VAs (β=2.104, 95 %CI: 0.200-4.008) or in children with middle (β=2.119, 95 %CI: 0.436-3.801) and high (β=2.203, 95 %CI: 0.567-3.839) concentrations of all antimicrobials. Mediation analyses showed that DCA, GUDCA, GDCA, and UDCA/GUDCA explained 0.3 %-7.1 % of the associations of H/VAs or all antimicrobials with WC or central overweight/obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to antimicrobials might be associated with altered bile acid homeostasis and increased risk of childhood obesity. Bile acid dysregulation might play a partial mediation in the association between antimicrobial exposure and childhood obesity.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".