Validation of the Positive Eating Scale in Chinese University Students and Its Associations with Mental Health and Eating Behaviors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Positive eating behaviors may be linked to improved health outcomes, but reliable assessment tools are scarce. This study aims to translate the Positive Eating Scale (PES) into Chinese (PES-C), culturally adapt it, and examine its psychometric properties and its relationship with psychological symptoms among Chinese college students. A two-stage cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2024 to April 2025. A total of 800 valid questionnaires were collected in Stage 1 and 1882 in Stage 2. PES-C showed good structural validity (CFI = 0.991, RMSEA = 0.067) and high internal agreement (Cronbach α = 0.963), with measurement invariance established across gender and ethnicity. Correlation analysis showed that PES-C score was significantly negatively correlated with depression (PHQ-9, r = −0.24) and anxiety (GAD-7, r = −0.22), positively correlated with the frequency of vegetable consumption (r = 0.13–0.18), and negatively correlated with beverage consumption (r = −0.01–−0.17). These findings indicate that positive eating attitudes help improve psychological symptoms and may also affect food choices. PES-C is a dependable and effective tool for assessing the eating behaviors of Chinese university students, offering both theoretical and practical support for campus nutrition and mental health promotion programs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".