Photon-to-Digital Converter in 65 nm CMOS Technology with SPTR Below 15 ps FWHM
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The advancement of high-energy physics, medical imaging and quantum communication relies on precise timing and spatial photon detection. We are developing a photon-to-digital converter (PDC), consisting of an array of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) connected one-to-one at the cathode with quenching circuits (QCs). The PDC, implemented in TSMC 65 nm LP CMOS technology, will integrate 4096 pixels and the readout chain required for single-photon detection and time tagging. The time-stamping will be achieved through 512 tiled time-to-digital converters (TDC), using a cascaded-stage vernier architecture which offers low power and area while keeping a 10 ps timing resolution. The future PDC design is based on preliminary results from last year's prototype showing single-photon timing resolution (SPTR) values below 15 ps FWHM when the QC is directly connected to a 2D SPAD. This confirms the effectiveness of the readout architecture and circuit-level implementation. The timing precision and granularity of the PDC leads to a great versatility. By analyzing the different applications the PDC is designed for, the presentation will delve in the architectural challenges and capabilities of our device.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".